軟骨組織の加令的変化は顕著にして, 人体の発育ないしは老化現象を知る対象として主要な因子であるが, 従来なされた多くの研究は個々の軟骨組織につき行なわれ, 同一個体における各種軟骨組織につき系統的加令的変化を調べたものを聞かない。著者はたまたま各種軟骨組織の変移を調査する機会を得, いまそのうち椎間円板, 耳介軟骨について報告しようと思う。

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Program ENORMSEP (Extended Normal Separator Program) is introduced for aging studies as a new method of analysis. This program calculates preliminary estimates of the number of size groups and their points of overlap using probit analysis and polynomial regression techniques. Then these preliminary estimates entered into NORMSEP (provided by Hasselblad and modified by Tomlinson) to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of μ_j, σ_j² and P_j by using the method of steepest descent. In order to test the availability of the ENORNSEP method, Mytilus edulis are chosen as an example, for My tilus aging studies cannot be performed. The results are compared with those of graphical methods of Hardings, Oka and Bhattacharya. Since the ENORNSEP is found to be sufficient and accurate enough for practical use, it will be useful tool for benthic population dynamics studies.

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In ecological studies of aquatic organisms which can not be aged directly, the analysis of size frequency distribution of the population is a popular method to reveal the genera-tion structure and some population parameters such as growth rate and survivorship in the population. However, this analysis is time consuming, and requires considerable effort, from preparation of data to calculation of size frequency distribution of each cohort. In the last decade, we have created a software package named PROGEAN (PROgram for GEneration ANalysis) which provides a quick processing environment in the analysis of size frequency distribution with a personal computer. The previous version of PROGEAN (Ver. 3.0, Japanese version for NEC PC9801 series) adopted a graphic method modified from HARDING' S method and required inputting size data of specimen, producing the re-sults of the analysis on the monitor of computer. In this version, PROGEAN Ver. 4. 0, the programs were totally updated with MicroSof t Quick Basic Ver. 4.5 and many functions were added. PROGEAN Ver. 4.0 is made up of 12 subprograms. A data file is created by inputting data from keyboard or graphic digitizer, or importing a text file from other sof twares. On the monitor, a chart of size frequency distribution is created and the results of cohort analysis are plotted on the chart. This chart can be printed with a XY-plotter. Cohort analysis in these programs includes two procedures, analysis of graphic method and optimization of the results produced by the graphic method. These two steps of cohort analysis provide more precise results and easier processing environment of data than the previous version. Two types of programs are available. One is PROGEAN 4. 0J for Japanese domestic personal computers, NEC 9801 series, and the other is PROGEAN 4. 0E for IBM PC/AT and its compatibles with CGA video adapter.

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わが国におけるう蝕は若年層を中心に減少傾向にあるが,の解析は詳細には行われておらず,またその解析には,t分布や二項分布など多様な理論が用いられている.そこで,本研究では,某小学校および2005年度歯科疾患実態調査の結果から,う蝕罹患状態をで解析するとともに,その統計解析に用いる理論の選択の妥当性を検討した.対象小学校の被験者(延べ3,222人)を検診年度および学年別に区分けし,それぞれう蝕経験(DMF)歯数をで表すとともに,Kolmogorov-Smirnov検定を行って,観測分布とポアッソン分布との適合度を検討した.また,理論の選択の違いがDMF歯数の平均値の検定結果にどのような影響を及ぼすのかについて検討した.さらに,2005年度歯科疾患実態調査の6〜79歳のデータ(4,155人)を用いて,同様の解析を行った.対象小学校の解析において,DMF歯数は,1995〜2007年度の間に,1〜2年生ではポアッソン分布から対象者がすべてう蝕なしの分布へ,3〜6年生では,左傾化した不定な分布からポアッソン分布へ,それぞれ転換していることがわかった.また,DMF歯数の平均値の検定を行う際に,理論としてt分布を用いる場合とポアッソン分布を用いる場合との間で,有意性の異なる場合が存在した.さらに,2005年度歯科疾患実態調査データの解析において,DMF歯数の分布は,6〜29歳では,左傾化した不定な分布を示し,とくに6歳,7歳および10歳ではポアッソン分布を示した.また,30〜49歳では正規分布に近似し,50〜79歳では右傾化した不定な分布を示すことがそれぞれ明らかとなった.以上の結果から,わが国における12歳以下のDMF歯数の分布は,フッ化物の集団的応用をしない場合でもポアッソン分布をとることがわかった.また,その統計解析では,理論の選択によって,平均値の有意差検定の結果が異なる場合があり,とくに若年層におけるDMF歯数の解析では,理論としてt分布や二項分布を無条件に選択するのではなく,分布適合度の詳細な確認の必要性が示唆された.

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降水量のは,集計する時間単位が長くなるにしたがって逆J字型・指数・正規型と変化する.1時間から30日間にわたる,この変化の季節的・地域的特徴を,日本全国を対象にAMeDASデータを用いて調べた.のあてはめにはガンマ分布を,その母数推定には最大エントロピー法を用いた.の形状は,対数幾何平均のもつ情報量によって定量化した. 以下,得られた知見について述べる.1) 寒候期において,が指数分布となる集計時間は,日本海側で短く,太平洋側で長い.この地域差は,降水をもたらす主要な擾乱がそれぞれの地域で異なり,擾乱によってその時系列特性が異なることから理解される.2) 短時間での対数幾何平均のもつ情報量には,“雨の降り方”が“地雨”で代表されるか,“しゅう雨”で代表されるかに対応する,日本列島における南北差が認められた.

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インド各地の種々の強さの降雨のを調べた。分布はどの場合でも双曲型であることが分った。xを日雨量,ydxを降雨の度数,a,b,cを常数とするとy=a/(x+c)+bがデータと非常によく合うことが見出された。雨量と降雨日数とから常数a,b,cの値を求める理論的方法を考えた。
この式を個々の観測所の日雨量にもあてはめて見たところ,90%以上の精度で合うことが分った。結局この式は地球上のどの部分にも適用できそうである。

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The interest for adult diseases with the high aged society, the chance of a group medical examination and physical check are increasing in recent years. So that, we reported the results of persons entered Kumamoto central hospital for physical check and mainly statistical analysis of grown-up visual acuity.
The persons entered the hospital for physical check were examined 512 cases 1024 eyes during from april 1985 to september 1986. We observed subjective visual acuity by sight-testing of Landolt ring, intraocular pressure by schiötz tonometer, frontal and middle transparent eye body by slit lamp microscope, and funds by ophthalmoscope at the ophthalmic department of the hospital. The physicians examined blood pressure, blood sugar, urine sugar and obesity grade at the internal department of the hospital.
The results were as follows:
1. The persons were aged 30-77 years, including aged 40-59 years in 80% of all cases.
2. Neked eye visual acuity of 1.0 or more were 421 eyes (41%) and final corrected visual acuity of 1.0 or more were 897 eyes (88%) in 1024 eyes.
3. Regular visual acuity increased from 30 years old, peaked at 40-49 years old, and gradually dicreased to 50-69 years old. Myopia and myopic astigmatism decreased from 30 years old to high decade of ages. Hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism increased from 30 years old to high decade of ages. Those curved-lines were analysed dominantly between each decade of ages by x² test.
4. We found mostly cataract in 47 eyes (4.6%) among eye diseases without retinal angiosclerose.
5. Retinal angiosclerose with I grade or more of Keith-Wagener classification were 170 eyes (17%) in all cases. The retinal angiosclerose had dominantly relation to hypertention and diabetes millitus.

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Frequency distribution of 29 somatic measurements relating to clothing construction were examined about the normality by means of skewness and kurtosis. Original data were taken from 444 young adult females by the present authors. Results were as follows :
1) The distribution of lengths, head girth and shoulder slope accorded with normal distribution indisputably or approximately. Girths except head girth, skinfold thicknesses and weight were hardly identified as normal distribution.
2) Among bust girth, waist girth and hip girth, only hip girth yielded to be treated as normal distribution if the data greater than 110 cm could be excluded.
3) There were considerable differences between ranges of sample distribution and those of corresponding normal distribution. These differences in bust girth and waist girth were found beyond the permissible limit on garment fit.

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山口県の内海東部水域の人工的に造成されたホンダワラ藻場周辺で, マナマコの個体群動態を研究し, 次のような結論を得た。
1) マナマコの幼生は潮間帯に着底し, その後2年間を潮間帯ですごす。着底が6月に起きるとすると, その後の成長は次式で表せる。
Lt=36.7 (1-exp (-0.332 (0.0321t+0.143+0.0978sin (0.524t-4.26) ) ) )
ただし, Ltは着底後tカ月目のマナマコの全長 (cm) である。水温の低い1月～5月にかけて急速に成長する。
2) 着底後2年を経た9月～翌年1月の間に, マナマコは潮間帯から潮下帯にある藻礁域に移動する。
3) 9月～11月にかけては, 転石下や岩礁の間隙, 建材ブロックの穴の中などの奥まった所で夏眠する。
4) 資源培養的見地からは, 潮間帯に隣接して設置された藻礁はマナマコが離散するのを防ぎ, 地先に滞留させる効果があることが判明した。
5) マナマコの増殖をはかるためには, 潮間帯, その下部にある隣接する礁, および潮下帯の夏眠場所の3点を同時に整備する必要があると考えられた。

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The original image data of an X-ray CT scanner (Toshiba TCT-80 A) were decoded and stored into floppy disk files on MS-DOS.
The MS-DOS files were processed with an image processing program on a personal computer (NEC PC-9801 VX 21) and the CT images were reconstructed on a display with sixteen colors. Applications of this color imaging system to several patients have demonstrated that color imaging makes it easier to distinguish lesion and tumor tissues from normal muscular and fatty tissues. Another advantage of this system is that the image data files can readily be used in other departments or hospitals for cooperative treatments.

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The Cumulative Frequency Distribution of C+C', where C is a Original Data of Sulfur Oxides and C' is a Constant Value obtained from the curve of Cumulative Frequency Distribution plotted on Log-Normal Probability Paper, shows approximately Log-Normal Distribution.
In order to control air pollutions we have to know the relationship between Annual Mean and percentile value.
In this paper, a fundamental approach is proposed to forcast the Annual Mean, using the movement of the distribution in Log-Normal Probability Paper.
When the Standard value A (ppb) and not exceed frequency below A ppb are proposed as a Environmental Standard, “What's Level of Annual Mean Concentration is acceptable” are discussed.

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