One important aspect of production and sale of Chinese contemporary art, which started in 1979, is that it involves government criticism. However, the situation has started to change since 2006, when the Chinese government made the contemporary art as a part of ‘Cultural creative industry’. The ‘Art districts’ in Beijing are the places where works of contemporary art are produced, exhibited and sold. The purpose of this paper is to consider the directionality of ‘Art districts’ from now on, which is based on transition, in the situation that consumption of art is accelerating as ‘industry’ in Beijing. The results show that the art districts spread to the city area from northeast Beijing. And also, an important change has occurred to facilities and activity in ‘798 Art District’ because the management subject changed. This paper appeals the Chinese government and the enterprises to make the role clear as management organizations, and consider the management policy of the Art districts, which can be suitable for Chinese contemporary art.

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This research takes the 99 Chinese historical-cultural cities as the object of study. As the first step using the size of urban area and the increasing-ratio of population of these cities, we attempt to classify these cities into 3 types, and we choose the historical-cultural cities of medium and small scale as a main object. Basing on the questionnaire for local governments about the conservation policies, we analyze the current subjects for conservation of the historical-cultural cities of medium and small scale in China.

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The effect of fine powders (Blaine specific area over 6000cm²/g) from distinct minerals on rheological property of fresh concrete is investigated in this paper. It is found that the vitreous powders play a strong dispersion effect, which increasing the fluidity of concrete and decreasing the plastic viscosity of matrix mortar significantly; Non-vitreous powders cannot achieve a considerable increment of the fluidity of the concrete although it can lower the plastic viscosity. It is inferred from the experimental results that rheological property of the concrete can be highly correlated with the surface characteristic of the powders.

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Family management of agriculture by utilizing scattered farmland on a small scale is one of the main characteristics of modern agriculture in China. It is also normally considered as one important factor that hinders the increase of agricultural productivity. The Chinese government started to implement the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture in the year 1999. Under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture, development of large scale agricultural management was facilitated by the government through policy support.

This study is based on an investigation and analysis of the cotton producing regions in Gaoyang County, Hebei Province. In particular, an analysis of the business evolution of L Farm Enterprise was made as an example of a pioneer in large scale cotton production in Gaoyang County. The purpose of this study is to clarify the process and trend of large scale agricultural management development under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture. In addition, challenges facing the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture are also reviewed.

Under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture, the government of Gaoyang County implemented a series of policies with the purpose of facilitating the development of large scale agricultural management and agricultural systematization. In these circumstances, a small number of farm households and organizations appeared that practice large scale agricultural management through tenanting. In parallel, the development of the cotton textile industry attracted a large amount of farm labor, which caused a reduction in the number of farm households doing labor intensive cotton production. As a result, a small number of large scale farm households and organizations replaced a number of small scale farm households and become the pillar of cotton production in Gaoyang County.

With the expansion of cotton production, farmland available for large scale cotton production was began to decline. In these circumstances, a small number of large scale farm households started to expand cotton production through tenanting in areas other than Gaoyang County, and kept only the high value added agricultural sector in Gaoyang County. Thus it is expected that the role of Gaoyang County in the Chinese domestic cotton supply system will change in the future.

Through investigation of L Farm Enterprise, it was discovered that various complicated problems are facing large scale agricultural management. L Farm Enterprise tried to avoid or overcome negative factors in order to maintain stable incomes. In parallel, it expanded the planted areas and applied a strategy aimed at the diversification of business. But when facing similar problems, most farm households don’t have enough capital to expand their farming area through tenanting and hiring labor, thus they are hardly able to realize large scale agricultural management.

Based on the above phenomena, the last part of this thesis analyzed the loss of farming labor and the centralization of farmland. It is an important way to promote the large scale agricultural management in order to realize the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. In parallel, efforts should also be taken to create an environment that encourages stability and growth in earnings for small scale agricultural management.

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Under the direction of the Chinese National Commission for UNESCO and Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Working Committee for UNESCO on ESD (CNWCESD) and Beijing Academy of Educational Science, as the major coordination units of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in China, ESD has been promoted at more than 1000 schools including kindergartens, elementary schools, and high schools in more than ten provinces, cities, autonomous regions, and special administrative regions in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong Province, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu Province, Hong Kong etc. Through the promotion of Education for Sustainable Development, CNWCESD has made an effort to disseminate the core value of SD, practice sustainable lifestyle, construct for Energy saving and Emission-reduction of school. The purpose of this research paper is to analyse the school practices developed by teacher training and support led by the CNWCESD. The results presented in this paper show as follows; In the local districts of China, ESD has been promoted in response to the needs of the local community, which seeks sustainability and respects the natural and cultural resources of the region. Compared to school practices in Japan, common educational approaches have been adopted for student inquiry-based learning, such as discovering issues, gathering information and investigating, utilizing the knowledge of subject and obtaining expert advice, and promoting activities by students themselves. As a result, the transformation of students and teachers and local residents has been observed.

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  Ke Lei and Ke He are bronzewares excavated in 1986 from tomb No. 1193 at the Yan state in Western Zhou dynasty Cemetery, Fangshan District, Beijing, and they are from the early Western Zhou period. Both bronzewares have inscriptions on the cover and the inner surface. All four inscriptions contain the same text comprising 43 characters, with each inscription written in a different calligraphic style. Setting the diversified calligraphic style as a criterion for determining the calligraphic style in Jinwen, and assuming that the inscription calligraphers (craftspeople) produced the inscriptions by imitating inscription manuscripts written in a certain style, we compared the different calligraphic styles in the four inscriptions. As a result, the number of variant characters was: (1) 2 on the Lei vessel inscription, (2) 19 on the Lei lid inscription, (3) 23 on the He vessel inscription, and (4) 24 on the He lid inscription. Moreover, based on the circumstances that the unclear characters in (1) affected the variants in (2), (3), and (4), that there are variants in (2) that seem to have imitated (1), and that the same variants in (2) are found in (3) and (4), it is assumed that (1) is a primary inscription, (2) is a secondary inscription that imitated (1), and (3) and (4) are tertiary inscriptions that imitated (2).

  These results indicate the order of inscription production and suggest that there were multiple inscription calligraphers (craftspeople). Also, it is assumed that the differences in the calligraphic styles of the inscriptions reflect the differences in the craftspeople's ability to write and imitate.

  In addition to Ke Lei and Ke He, there are other variations in style in the same inscriptions. The details of such variations will be the subject of a future study.

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本稿は、中国北京故宮の修繕組織である「古建修繕中心」に所属する大工が用いる大工道具に関する調査成果を報告するものである。主な内容は、以下の3点に要約できる。 1　 中国の大工道具に関する先行研究を整理・分析し、標準編成の提示が最も喫緊の課題であると判断した。その端緒として古建修繕中心における大工道具の標準編成を調査した。 2　 標準編成とみなす道具は、全体で54種類72点である。このうち〈刨〉（鉋）が最も種類が多く11種類17点、ついで〈量具〉（定規類）10種類16点、〈鋸〉（鋸）7種類7点、〈鑿〉（鑿）4種類10点である。 3　 北京近郊の大工と異なり、北京故宮の修繕組織においては、〈麻葉頭〉という清代組物の木鼻の形をした〈墨斗〉（墨壺）や大型の〈工作台〉（作業台）を用いるという特色がある。

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本研究では人口移動の全体像を把握するための最初の一歩として、現時点で唯一利用可能となる1990人口センサスの1%オリジナルデータに基づき、市場経済導入初期の1985-1990年における人口移動について、県レベルでの空間分布及び要因分析を行った。その結果、以下の事実が明らかとなった。①高い経済発展を遂げた直轄市の市区、各省の省都や改革・開放が進んだ珠江デルタ地域が周辺農村地域の人口を吸収していた、②省内移動は省間移動より多く、総移動者数の７割弱を占めた。省内移動の目的地は主に各省の省都、大都市、改革・開放が進んだ地域、鉱区などであり、省間移動の目的地は主に北京市、天津市、上海市の市区及び付近地域、珠江デルタ地域であった、③非戸籍移動（戸籍を移さない転居）者数は戸籍移動（戸籍の移動を伴う転居）者数より少ないものの、移動者数の半数弱を占めた。非戸籍移動の約８割は農村部からの転出であったが、戸籍移動の約半数は都市部からの転出であった。戸籍移動者の約７割は大学や専門学校へ進学する学生や上級行政単位への転勤者、就職者及びその親族の随伴移動であったが、非戸籍移動者の半数は出稼ぎのため、経済発展の高い地域、あるいは経済発展見込みの高い地域で紡織業や加工業などの工業に従事する者であった、④統計解析の結果は、諸社会・経済指標のうち地域の経済規模が総流入数と最も高い相関を示しており、経済力が人々を引き付ける最も重要な要因となっていた。また、省間戸籍移動は経済規模と、省間非戸籍移動は経済規模の他に海外投資と、省内非戸籍移動は生活水準及び産業の構成と有意な相関があった、⑤全国の県に対して流入数と県内GDPの回帰分析を行い、中国全県に対する流入数を推測する式を提案した。

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1．中国の経済成長と農山村　周知のように、現在、中国は急速な経済発展を続けている。1990年代半ば以降は、さすがに経済成長率が10％を下回ったものの、その後も毎年7_から_9％を維持している。今後も2008年の北京オリンピックおよび2010年の上海万博に向けて，中国国内の需要拡大はほぼ確実であり、2005年も、8.4_から_8.5％の経済成長を予測している。これは、故!)小平中国共産党総書記の指導のもと、1978年より始められた改革開放政策の結果である。この改革はもともとは貧困に喘ぎ、経済発展から立ち遅れていた農村部から始められた。1979年には「農業の発展を加速する若干の問題についての決定」が可決され、さらに1980年代に入ると、国から請け負った以上の農業生産物は、原則として自由に売買でき、各戸で利益を上げることが許される、いわゆる「生産責任制（生産請負制）」が確立された。そして、「先に豊かになれるものから豊かになれ」という「先富論」のもとに、沿岸地域と内陸地域の経済格差の問題が顕著化しながらも、北京や上海などの大都市近郊の農村では、「万元戸」や「億元郷」が出現するに至った。2．北京市郊外における農山村の経済成長　このような経済情勢のもと、首都である北京市郊外の農山村も急速な経済成長を遂げた。とりわけ、前述した3年後の北京オリンピックを視野に入れ、急ピッチで開発が進んでいる。中心城区（西城区、東城区、宣武区、崇文区）に接する海淀区や朝陽区、石景山区、豊台区では大規模な宅地開発が行われ、農村は中高層マンションへと姿を変えている。また、北京市郊外を走る「五環路」沿線の農村は、環境政策の方針から、政府によって取り壊され、植林が進んでいる。　一方、さらに郊外に位置する門頭溝区や昌平区、順義区、通州区、大興区、等では道路網が整備され、北京中心部へのアクセシビリティが向上したこともあり、土木・建設・製鉄業などの都市開発と直結した郷鎮企業が次々と設立された。それらの中には、近年の土地に関する法規制の緩和もあって、不動産業にまで手を広げ、住宅団地の建設・販売まで行う企業も出現している。このほか、観光開発が進む農山村もある。伝統的な景観を保全し、北京市やその周辺地域をはじめとする中国国内だけでなく、海外からの観光客をも積極的に呼び込んでいる。3．北京市郊外の農山村景観の変容　以上のような経済発展の中で、北京市郊外の農山村はその景観を大きく変容させている。マンションへと姿を変えた村、観光開発のために景観保護が施される村、政策によって移転・廃村が決定・実行された村、郷鎮企業の成功によって集落全体が近代的な住宅群へと変化した村など様々な景観が広がる。　本発表では、統計資料等には限界・不足する点があるが、これらの農山村の景観変化に関するいくつかの事例について、写真等を用いながら紹介し、景観から見えてくる中国農山村の現状について、若干の報告をしたいと考える。[付記]　本報告は、神奈川大学21世紀COEプログラム「人類文化研究のための非文字資料の体系化」における若手研究者の海外提携研究機関派遣事業の一部である。

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The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between sites of theatres and urban form under the socialist system. We analysed the sites and distribution of 251 theatres in Peiking and Shianghai according to the investigating and hearing. We realized the following items: 1) From a visual point of urban form, theatres have three types which are (1) the theatres in the street, (2) the halls in the area of working groups and (3) the theatres in the housing estates. 2) Now many problems have been appearing about the theatres and halls of (2) and (3).

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Taking part in the Asia-Pacific Space Geodynamics (APSG) Project cooperation campaigns in JAG and the work plan in the Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia & the Pacific (PCGIAP), we have collaborated to establish the Absolute Gravity Standard Station Network in East Asia and South-East Asia (AGSSN-ESEA) with FG-5 absolute gravimeters. During the period from 2002 to 2005, we have already determined absolute gravity values in the order of μGal at Wuhan, Nanning, Shanghai, Beijing, Kunming, Lhasa, Hong-Kong Wulumuqi, Xi'an and Xining in China, Hsinchu in Taiwan, Bandung, Yogyakarta Cibinong and Pontianak in Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur and Kota Kinabalu in Malaysia, Bangkok and Cheng-Mai in Thailand, and Manila in Philippines as well as Kyoto, Esashi, Matsushiro, Kamioka, Muroto, Aso, Mizunami and Naha in Japan. As an extension of this campaign in the southern hemisphere, we have conducted absolute gravity measurements in Perth and Canberra in Australia, and the Syowa Station in Antarctica in 2003-2004.

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華北村落では,異なる宗族でも,あたかも同一宗族であるような擬制的世代関係を形成している。本稿ではこれを「世代ランク」と称するが,近隣者間の擬制的世代関係である。世代ランクの社会的機能は,挨拶・年始回り・擬制的親族関係・席順・村民資格の取得・社会的威信がある。世代ランクは,宗族の世代関係と,姻戚の世代関係の組み合わせによって形成され,親族としての交際が消滅した後でも,世代関係が近隣者の間に残存したのだろうと考えられる。中国全体で,近勝者への親族名称を拡張することは普遍的である。しかし親族名称の拡張原理に年齢が関与しない世代ランクの習俗は,村落の成員権と強く結びついている。これらの特徴は,華北村落のみに観察される。その社会的要因は,華北村落の共同体的規制の強さと,村落内の統合性の高さにあるのだろう。世代ランクは,社会集団ではなく,社会的カテゴリーである。

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In this paper the authors clarify the existing forms of the village and township industrial enterprises (VTIEs) in a rural districts around Beijing, Shunyi-county under the economic reform and opening policy in China. The results are summarized as follows:
1. Before the economic reform the rural economy in Beijing City was stagnant, it had not experienced its rapid industrial growth. After the economic reform in 1978, (VTIEs) played important role in the expansion of rural economic flow but they had to solve financial, technological and market problems in order to develop further. Urban industry located in the city area of Beijing became overcrowded, so it was necessary to relocate a part of its production capacity. At the same time, many trading companies needed their producing bases to keep up with the growing trade after the economic opening. Thus, the interests of the urban enterprises were in harmony with those of the rural. So VTIEs in the rural districts around Beijing were able to prepare the conditions for their development.
2. VTIEs in Shunyi-county of Beijing City in order to grow and develop themselves, tried to get various contact with the trading companies and state enterprises located within the city area, and tried to get funds, to introduce technology and to expand the market. VTIEs also grew by the formation of the joint enterprises with foreign-affiliated firms through urban enterprises' mediation. VTIEs in Shunyi county aimed to seize all sorts of opportunities far business, getting into contact and linking with urban enterprises, and to develop to be “urban-rural integrated” enterprises. VTIEs linked with the state enterprises become to be their branch plants and are disturbed to develop as independent enterprises. On the other hand, VTIEs linked with the commercial and trading enterprises, most of which grow as expert enterprises, develop independently.
3. The contacts and links between VTIEs in Shunyi-county and urban enterprises practically do away with the social and economic separation between urhan and rural districts like the family registration system since the adopt of a planned economy, VTIEs expanding their space of activity, accelerate the formation of a urban-rural integrate economic zone. It means that the regional framework in the mechanism of China's economic development is changing.
In this paper the actual condition of VTIEs in Shunyi-county is presented, but there exist further research tasks; one it to analyze the development of VTIEs and its impact on the urban-rural relation based upon the accumulated regional surveys, the other is to consider theoretically the changing regional structure of China's economy.

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