This study is a descriptive, comparative study which attempts to explore the nature of autonomous community organizations involved in self help health activities . The data was collected by individual interviews with representatives from 36 community organizations which dealt with health problems in Matsukawa-cho, ma-gun, Nagano-ken, Japan, from April, 1980 to March, 1981. The research findings are as follows. 1. Almost all activities of the community organizations, which are comprised of various small groups, are based on BURAKU (neighborhood communities). The organiza tions are autonomous with regards to structure, financing, activities, and the election of ficials. Co-ordination of activities of the organizations is carried out at the town level through meetings. 2. The joing process of decision making is considered to be important. Themes are diverse and relate to community life and activities. 3. Professionals are deeply involved with the organizational activities. Among the professionals are public health nurses, the social science teacher, and the nutritionist. The professionals have expertise in the areas of organizational management, and in the clarification of problems through people's self help activities and fact finding studies. 4. The people's expectations of the professionals is clear. The adult educator is to be a teacher, directly assisting in their learning; an organizer; and a supervisor of the other professionals. The public health nurses are co-workers in the diagnosis and treatment of problems; organizers and facilitators; and health specialists. The people expect the professionals to help them to develop and deepen their own understandings . They see themselves as the initiators, and the professionals as a support team . This view is particularly strong with respect to the physicians. 5. While activities are centered around small groups, the groups function as a system which reaches throughout the town. The connection of each professional and the supporting local administration is well defined, and secures the professional's role within the system.

抄録全体を表示

An epidemiological examination was carried out on 330 farmers engaged in pear and apple cultivation. First, all examinees answered questions about the presence of allergic symptoms. To those who have had any allergic symptoms, the intradermal skin reaction tests with pollen extracts (Japanese pear, apple, cedar and orchard grass) and house dust were performed.
The results were as follows:
1. 35.8% of all examinees manifested some allergic symptoms during the bloom of pear and apple (from April to May).
2. Nasal or ocular symptoms were observed in 28.5% and 27.3% respectively. About three-fourth (20.3%) of them manifested both symptoms.
3. The rate of farmers with allergic symptoms was higher in younger generations and many of these symptoms occurred within these five years.
4. The rate of positive skin reactions of each allergen extracts were 40.5% for Japanese pear pollens, 63.8% for apple pollens, 30.5% for cedar pollens, 6.7% for orchard grass pollens and 10.5% for house dust.
From a pollen calender of Nagano Prefecture, high rate of allergic symptons during the bloom of pear and apple and the results of the intradermal skin reaction tests, it may, be suggested that a considerable number of farmers possibly suffer from pear and apple pollinosis. The rates showed above are much higher than reported so far.

抄録全体を表示

 The shogunate was responsible for controlling and managing the various activities conducted on the streets of Edo commoners district (chōninchi). The street spaces, on the other hand, were maintained by the townsman (chōnin) who lived in the commoners district. While the town commissioner (machi-bugyo), street commissioner (michi-bugyō) and the commissioner of engineering works (fushin-bugyō) were the shogunate officers in charge of supervising the work, the commoners led the actual maintenance work. Their task of maintaining street spaces (street functions and public safety) was assumed both in terms of workload and cost by the towns along the street, and the range managed by each town could be spatially. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate Mochiba (the posts of responsibility) that were spatial divisions to the town's management of street spaces and the feature of spatial maintenance system based on a case study of Minami tenma chō 2, Minami saya chō, Minami nushi chō, and Matsukawa chō.. This paper uses the term “street spaces” to comprehensively describe the human and built environment that evolves along the street.
 The first section investigates how Mochiba (posts of responsibility) was positioned in the management system of the street spaces by the shogunate (machi-bugyō, the town commissioner). It points out that the town commissioner (machi-bugyō) strongly recognized the spatial range that the town (chō-jū) should be responsible for the maintenance and order around the 18th century. It correlated with the management system for street spaces was established by the shogunate by mandating an application process for the townsman's various management and construction activities carried out on the street in the 18th century as pointed out in my paper. Based on the above, I presented the following hypothesis. Mochiba was equivalent to the range where the prefix attached to each house and lot (ie-yashiki), and had in the cooperativeness and exclusivity of the town (chō). In other words, it was not the principle set from above by the shogunate. Although the shogunate did not clearly make Mochiba legal system, they attempted to thoroughly enforce this control by dividing the street space into Mochiba (posts of responsibility) and assigning these Mochiba to the various towns and each owner of the residence.
 The following section analyzes the specific character of the Mochiba in commoners district (chōnin-chi), based on a case study of Minami tenma chō 2, Minami saya chō, Minami nushi chō, and Matsukawa chō. Therefore, the section was examined from three theme: Ban (maintaining public peace and order) and the restoration of the street and sewage (maintenance of street function) that it is the most basic in maintenance work of the street spaces by the town. This discussion gave that physical environmental conditions of street spaces prescribed an individual assumption of responsibility for maintenance and management by townsman (chō-nin) and chō.
 Lastly, I would like to point out that the spatial feature of Mochiba (posts of responsibility) in commoners district. Then, the paper concludes with a discussion on the responsibility of the maintaining public safety and the maintenance of street function could be separated on one street through a case study of Mochiba was newly set or expanded.

抄録全体を表示