縄紋時代以降の遺跡から発見されるトチの「種皮付き子葉」や「剥き身子葉」、および種皮の細、大破片は、当時のトチ利用の実態を理解するための手掛かりが民俗例の中に求められることを示している。民俗例のトチの「あく抜き」方式と,そのために前処理されるトチの態様との間に認められる対応関係に基づくと,遺跡から発掘されるトチ種皮の細片は,トチ利用者が「発酵系」「水晒し系」「はな(澱粉)取り系」の「あく抜き」方式で「あく」を抜いていたことを窺わせる。各方式に用いられる容器の物理的特性に着目すると,「煮る」ことを必要としない各「あく抜き」方式は旧石器時代に開発されていたと推察される。

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  This is a comprehensive study on how the mountain villages in the upstream area of Oyabegawa in Toyama Prefecture utilized chestnuts in the mid-1950s ― how chestnuts were harvested, consumed, and stored; how chestnut wood was utilized; how fruits and wood from chestnut trees were sold commercially; how chestnut forests were maintained for commercial use; how the local communities were involved in the utilization of chestnuts; and so forth.

 

  The mountain villages in the upstream Oyabegawa area were located in an isolated region with heavy snowfall. There were still inhabitants there in the mid-1950s who utilized chestnut fruits and lumber as part of their self-sufficient livelihood. Chestnuts supplemented their diet. They were eaten raw and made into juzuguri (chestnuts threaded on strings) for long-term storage or sunaguri (chestnuts roasted in sand) for short-term preservation. Each community had a variety of preservation methods. Juzuguri, boiled, dried, and threaded on strings, were valuable food in the self-sufficient communities and were even used as gifts. They were used in Shinshu Buddhist rituals and local annual events, as well as for snacks served with tea and other purposes, and were indispensable in the exchanges between communities. Sunaguri were buried in the sand to be used as food until spring. Processing methods were passed on from generation to generation over time. Each community improved on these methods based on unique local features, and these techniques were preserved.

 

  In villages where the natural environment was conducive for growing chestnuts and the social conditions were in place for selling them, fruits and wood from chestnut trees were sold commercially, providing a valuable source of cash income. Wood from large trees was processed for sale as roof-making material. The need for commercial use of fruits and wood prompted the development of a system for nurturing chestnut forests in the mountain and looking after these trees over generations until they grew into tall trees, so that fruits and wood could be utilized efficiently.

 

  At present, there is a dwindling number of local people who have any experience with this system, which has become a thing of the past as a result of the exodus of inhabitants from the villages and insect pests.

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　　This paper is study of how the environment of mountain village area has been transformed by public works of regional development. It is clarified by focusing on following two points: the first point is what kind of social power relations formed local environment. The second point is what local environment was formed under those social power relations. It can be considered that structure of hegemony in regional development and formation of local environment are closely related each other. The case of Nishiyama area in Shiramine Village is targeted here. Land use of this area was changed twice by public works of regional development after shifting cultivation (subsistence activity based on “traditional” relationship between people and nature). The first is agricultural development centered on sericultural project as regional development project. The second is environmental conservation and restoration. These are environmental transformation frequently brought about drastic and severe environmental change.

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