The issue of fuel surcharge is one of the most important topics to discuss in today's aviation industry. In line with the international regulations many countries might have different fuel surcharge related acts and regulations within their border. As a result, the amount of this surcharge varies accordingly in different countries. This paper discuss current Japanese fuel surcharge issues and implications towards the Japanese tourism industry in general and travel agents in particular.
The fuel surcharge for airline ticket at the Japanese point of sale tends to be higher than airline ticket sales to and from Japan at the foreign land. This gives a wide opportunity for foreign OTAs' to freely expand their sales in the Japanese market at the expense of local Japanese Travel Agents. The Online Travel Agency (OTA) is now the most flourishing business throughout the globe.
On the other hand, the Japanese travel agents are facing a serious difficulty of competing with foreign OTAs' as the Japanese Travel Agency Act put a tight control over them. Hence, this paper concluded that unless the government control of international air tariffs will be amended or abolished it continues creating unfair competition against the Japanese travel agents.

抄録全体を表示

1992 年から2013 年のドイツの宿泊統計によれば、日本からの旅行者のドイツにおける宿泊者数のピークは、2000 年の約153 万人泊である。ロマンチック街道における日本からの旅行者の宿泊者数も同様に2000 年がピークで、2013 年の数字はそれを下回り、日本からの旅行者の出国状況は停滞している。一方で、中国、オランダ、スイス、ロシアからの旅行者の、ロマンチック街道、特にフュッセン、シュヴァンガウ、ローテンブルク、アウクスブルクにおける宿泊者数は、2004 年から2013 年まで、急激に増加している。しかしながら、日本からの旅行者のロマンチック街道（特にローテンブルク）における宿泊者数は、ドイツ以外の国からの旅行者としては依然として最大で、2013 年には154,418 人泊に達した。この数字は、2013 年の日本からの旅行者のドイツにおける総宿泊数の実に11.8 パーセントを占め、他国と比べてその割合は突出して高い。

抄録全体を表示

地方創生と首都圏を結ぶ体験ツーリズムに基づく「おもてなし総合サービス産業雇用創生」の総合演出家のことを、「Global–CEP：Global-Cultural Experience Professional」と呼ぶことにした。特にインバウンド戦略を志向した地方創生事業の実現に向けて、Global-CEP として、現在、四種類の新たな人材の育成が必要だと考えている。そこで、その第 1 弾として、地方創生に向けた「Global-CEP プロデューサー」育成プログラムの研究開発とその実証に取り組むことにした。本論では、まず 2020 年東京五輪に向けたインバウンド戦略について述べる。次に、Global–CEP育成プログラム全体の中で、「Global-CEP プロデューサー」の位置づけについて示す。そして、「Global-CEP プロデューサー」の教育内容を示し、その教育内容の中で特に「体験ツーリズムの事業コンセプト企画」を取り上げて詳述する。

抄録全体を表示

Horticultural production in Japan that takes place in an enclosed system, like greenhouses, relies heavily upon petroleum products, such as fuel oil and kerosene, for lighting, heating or power. Recently, the costs of direct energy use in farming have increased considerably because of sustained price increases in crude oil and the weaker yen, whereas an increase in fuel prices is not passed through to commodity prices quickly, leading to financial difficulties in farm management. Since somebody must bear the oil price variation risk, both policy makers and farmers need to understand the nature of price risk in this time of unstable imported oil prices. Hence, it is necessary to grasp the effect of crude oil prices and exchange rates on closed system horticulture, but little literature has focused on the relationship between the price of energy and horticulture.
The objective of this paper is, first, to figure out the current economic situation of Japanese closed system horticulture by interviewing six horticultural farmers in Moka city, Tochigi Prefecture. Then, we investigate if a long-term relationship exists between the prices of imported crude oil and fuel oil, using the Johansen co-integration test. The co-integrating equation, which describes the long-run relationship between variables, is estimated using the VECM model. We use this to calculate farm fuel expenses for different combinations of the international crude oil prices and the yen/dollar exchange rates, and uncover their impact on farm management.
Our results show that the linkage between imported crude oil prices and fuel oil prices is strong, and the deviation from the equilibrium is relatively quickly adjusted. Thus, the co-integrating equation can be used to predict the levels to which the actual fuel oil price will approach. If Dubai crude oil prices remain high and the government continues to favor a weak yen policy, the price of fuel oil could easily rise above the level reached in the summer of 2008 when many farmers struggled with high fuel costs. Under the most pessimistic scenario, the fuel oil price is highly likely to reach new record highs of around 140 yen per liter, which will have a serious negative impact on farm management. Policy makers as well as farmers should recognize this fact and prepare for sudden changes in international oil prices and exchange rates.

抄録全体を表示