本論文の目的は2つである．第1 は，Berg et al（2006a）（2006b）を参照しながら，におけるIS-MPモデルを応用して，今までの閉鎖経済におけるIS-MPモデルをに拡張し，需要ショックと供給ショックが起きた時の波及メカニムを理論的かつ実証的に検討する．具体的には，IS曲線とMP 曲線の傾きを求めるのと同時に，ショックが金融・財政政策で調整可能であるのかについて検討する．第2は，得られた需要ショックや供給ショックなどからアジア共通通貨の導入が是か非かについて検討する．

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Economists have two major stands in international monetary economics. One is the monetary approach, the other is the asset market approach. This paper trys to integrate the two approach, by introducing a goods inventory as an asset. Dornbusch (1976) analyzed an interaction between an asset and a good market by postulating that the asset market is continuously in equilibrium, while the goods market adjust slowly to equilibrium. By this model, he explained the observed volatility and overshooting of exchange rates. His model, however, accomodates price adjustment but ignored quantity adjustment in the goods market. In this paper, I present a general framework for an open economy analysis, by modeling an open economy with a goods inventory, similar to Van Duyne (1979). In this model, a goods inventory functions not only as a buffer between effective demand and output but also as an asset. The asset market has money, a goods inventory, domestic bonds and foreign bonds. Assuming perfect substitutability between domestic and foreign bonds, interest rate parity is introduced. Major lessons of the paper are as follows. In a small open economy with a goods inventory as an asset, an increase in the foreign interest rate increases the domestic interest rate, decreases the price of the goods inventory, and depreciates the current exchange rate in the short run, and thereby decreases income and improves current account in the medium run. A monetary expansion increases the goods inventory price, decreases the interest rate, and thereby increases income and improves current account. An increase in a tax-financed government expenditure does not change the asset prices in the short run, and in the long run increases income and deteriorates current account due to an increase in domestic absorption.

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災害に対する事前の備えが不完全であった場合, 被災した家計や企業, 政府は復旧資金を事後的に調達する. 家計の時間軸上の視野が有限な場合, 政府の財政調達方法は家計の消費行動や経済の長期的な動学過程に影響を及ぼす. また, 閉鎖経済モデルにおける一国が被災した場合, 社会は瞬時に復旧のための資本を調達することができない. 一方, モデルにおける小国が被災した場合, 資本市場の利子率は影響を受けず, 海外資本が流入して被災国の生産水準は瞬時に回復する. 本研究では世代重複モデルを用いて, 災害被害を全ての世代に均等に負担させるタイプの災害復興財政が, 閉鎖経済との被災後の動学過程に与える影響について分析する.

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本研究は、並立連鎖スケジュールにもとづく同時選択手続きを用いた3つの実験を通して、ラットにおける強化量の選択行動に及ぼす絶対強化量、体重レベル、経済環境の効果を、選択率と需要分析における価格弾力性を測度として検討した。強化量条件としては、相対強化量を1:3として、絶対強化量(1個45mgの餌ペレット数)を1個:3個から4個:12個の範囲の4条件設け、給餌が実験セッション内に限られる封鎖経済環境と実験セッション外給餌のある環境の下で各被験体に選択させた。また、セッション時間やセッション外給餌量により体重レベルを実験間で操作した。実験lと3では、体重を自由摂食時安定体重の約80%に維持し、実験2では、体重を自由摂食時安定体重の約95%に維持した。その結果、絶対強化量条件間を比べると、環境における1個:3個条件よりも4個:12個条件の方が高いことが認められた。選択期と結果受容期の反応に需要分析を適用すると、いずれの体重レベルにおいても、環境において弾力性の高いことが示された。これらの結果は、経済環境の相違が体重レベルやセッション時間ではなく、セッション外給餌の有無に依存することを示唆している。

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Presently, most people consume not only domestic products but also imported goods. Such consumption of tradable goods has become extremely widespread. Consequently, international trade has developed to an astounding degree. The steady expansion of international trade has led researchers to become more engaged with corresponding difficulties such as free trade problems associated with the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP）. Simultaneously, global warming, in particular, the emission of greenhouse gases （GHG） by developing countries, constitutes a daunting problem. The GHG emissions from one country affect not only that country but also neighboring countries. Similarly, the production of goods for export increases pollution in exporting and importing countries because citizens consuming imported goods are exposed to trans-boundary air pollution caused by the GHGs emitted during production processes by firms in the exporting country. Therefore, the occurrence of trans-boundary air pollution caused by international trade is an extremely important issue from the perspective of environmental economics.
Focusing on the introduction of environmental taxes and consumption of tradable goods under transboundary pollution, this paper presents analyses of differences related to decisions on environmental taxes in individual countries, with a comparison of cases with and without consumption of tradable goods.
This paper presents the following results. Comparison of environmental taxes with and without consumption of tradable goods reveals that when the degree of transboundary pollution is small （large）, the environmental tax rate chosen under open economies is higher （lower） than that decided under closed economies. Next, we compare social welfare with and without consumption of tradable goods. The welfare level is always greater under the closed economies for any degree of transboundary pollution.

JEL Classification: H23, H71, Q53, Q58

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of conjectural variations on economic welfare, by using the model of intra-industry trade. So this paper develops a model of a two-sector economy trade (the one sector is perfectly competitive, the other is monopolistically competitive) with two factors of production, and introduces conjectural variations into the model. As a result, in terms of certain parameter values and conjectural variations, the level of economic welfare of open economy is lower than that of closed economy. This paper analyzes this result, and makes the characteristic of the model of intra-industry trade clear

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本稿では，市場別価格設定行動（Pricing to Market: PTM）を組み込んだ確率的動学一般均衡モデルを構築し，PTM と貿易収支の関係に焦点を当て，通貨バスケット政策における構成通貨比率の決定方法について分析を行った．その結果，PTM により為替レートのパス・スルーが不完全ケースでは，貿易量シェアによる構成比率は貿易収支を安定化することはできず，よりパス・スルーの高い通貨への比率を大きくすることで，安定化できることが明らかとなった．

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各期の頭に初期保有量として与えられる財が世代間で異なっていれば, 閉鎖経済からに移ることが世代間の所得再分配をもたらすことは, 比較優位説から予想されるものである。この論文では, もし資本市場が不完全であり, 経済開放が外貨建ての貯金の可能性を新たにもたらすのであれば, それが開放された経済の成長を阻害し, 後世代の福祉に負の外部効果をもたらす可能性があることを示している。この結論は多くの開発途上国や旧社会主義国の市場経済移行に対して政策的な含意をもっている。

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In this paper, we propose a Kaleckian model in which international competition and conflict dynamics determine national growth rate. Some Kaleckian models have introduced international trade and conflict inflation, for example, Cassetti[2002], Missaglia[2007]. In these models, while national goods face international competition, price pressure has no impact on conflict dynamics, or influences only firms' mark-up. There are few Kaleckian models that focus on international competition effects on workers' wage bargaining. But in real world, workers can't claim high wage without considering international price competition. If workers raise wage level sharply under keen competition, national products may be not able to sustain its price competitiveness, and decrease its share of world market. Because own country's products' relative high price may contract domestic labor demand, workers need compromise to some extent in wage bargaining for keeping price competitiveness. Similarly, firms can't set too high rate of mark-up, to avoid defeat in international competition. So we present the conflict model that both of firms and workers have each target profit share, and adjust it considering real exchange rate. On this assumption, effect of increase in international competition pressure on national income distribution is ambiguous. It depends on institutional conflict parameter. We can classify societies into two groups from the view point of distribution regime. If profit share rises (wage share falls) when real exchange rate falls, this can be called a society that 'workers are sensitive', because workers are more influenced to increase in international price pressure than firms. Conversely, if profit share falls with real exchange rate, this is a society that 'firms are sensitive'. We also show two growth regimes following traditional Kaleckian literatures. One is 'wage-led growth' that high wage share leads high accumulation rate, and the other is 'profit-led growth' that is converse. Using this model, we investigate relation between international competition and national economic growth. Whether increase in price pressure of foreign goods leads lower growth rate, depends on the combination of distribution regimes and growth regimes. In societies that growth regime is profit-led (or weak wage-led) and firms are sensitive, when price inflation rate of foreign goods falls, own country's accumulation rate declines. In the same way, societies that growth regime is wage-led (or weak profit-led) and workers are sensitive, also follow low growth scenario under hard international competition. But on the other hand, in societies that growth regime is strong wage-led and firms are sensitive, or that growth regime is strong profit-led and workers are sensitive, increase in international price pressure conversely make own country's accumulation rate higher. The central claim of this paper is that, for discussing about national growth scenario in international economy, we need consider not only growth regime but also distribution regime.

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