The word “Galapagos” has garnered attention in Japan as an explanation for the loss of global competitiveness by the Japanese economy and Japanese companies, even while the Japanese companies are competitive domestically. The term has particularly been used with mobile phones in Japan, which are known as “Galapagos ke-tai.” An analysis of newspaper articles showed that discussions on Galapagos mobile phones were primarily about technology, technology standards, and features. However, smartphones that looked like Galapagos ke-tai came to be called “Garaho” later, and the term Galapagos then took on the meaning of appearance.

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To clarify the diversity of TW2 skeletal maturity, spline-smoothed individual velocity curves of the RUS, Carpal and 20-Bone scores of 44 Tokyo girls of which menarche was recorded correctly, were obtained. On these curves 21 variables of age, intensity, and scores at take-off and at peak velocity, and scores at menarche were obtained. Three subject girls lacked the RUS maturity peak, 10 girls lacked the Carpal maturity peak, and 7 lacked the 20-Bone maturity peak. On an average, the Carpal and 20-Bone score take-offs occur at age 7.8, followed by the RUS score take-off at age 9.5; thereafter the Carpal score peak occurs at age 9.1, the 20-Bone score peak at age 9.6, and the RUS score peak at age 11.8; finally, a half year later, at age 12.3, the menarche occurs.

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Twin underexpanded impinging jets are experimentally and numerically studied in this paper. The experiments were performed by two dimensional wall static pressure measurements and by the schlieren method. Numerical calculations were also conducted by solving three dimensional compressible Navier-Storkes equations in generalization curvilinear coordinate. The main parameters for the twin jets are the nondimensional distance between the two nozzle centers H/D covering 1.5 and 2.0, the nozzle to plate separation L/D 2.0 and 3.0 and the pressure ratio defined by p₀/p 2.5–5.0, where D is the diameter of each nozzle exit, p₀ the stagnation pressure and p the back pressure. It is found that, so called, a fountain flow which occurs at the middle position between the two jets breaks jets boundaries due to its unsteadiness. Comparison between the experiments and the calculations shows that in case of shorter distancce between two nozzle and higher pressure ratio, two jets interact before they reach the impinging wall causing clear pressure peak at the middle position between the jets.

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Modern day helicopters are frequently required to operate close to non-uniform ground surfaces. During operations above a moving ship deck, it can be foreseen that the hovering performance of the rotor has very different behavior compared with the cases of hovering above stationary flat ground plane. In this report, the hovering performance of the rotor above the moving ground in full ground effect is experimentally studied in order to provide qualified database for the validation of analytical study on dynamic ground effect. The moving ground is simulated by means of harmonic rolling and heaving motions of ground effect plate with variable amplitude and frequency. The thrust, torque and blade flap angle of the rotor were measured at rotor height from 0.4 to 1.5. It is shown that motion types of the ground and the amplitude and frequency of the moving ground have important effects on the variable loads in and out of the rotor disk in dynamic ground effect.

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産業用画像処理では，画像照合により入力画像中から対象物体を検出することが行われるが，対象物体の一部が隠ぺいされている場合には，照合に失敗する場合がある．本稿では，対象物体の大部分が隠ぺいされた場合においても，高精度に対象物体を検出する手法を提案する．テンプレート画像を複数のブロック領域に分割し，ブロック領域単位に照合を行い，各ブロック領域の照合結果を統合し最終的な結果を得る．統合を行う際の各ブロック領域の重み計算には，各ブロック領域を参照画像に対してマッチングを行った場合の第2候補解における相関度に着目し，この値を元に重みを与える．更に，各ブロック領域の照合座標を基に重みの修正を行う．この処理により，隠ぺい領域の照合に及ぼす影響を軽減した，隠ぺいに対して頑強な照合処理が可能となる．実験の結果，従来の一般的な画像探索手法に対して，対象物体の隠ぺいに関して優位な結果が得られた．

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This study presents a new algorithm for automatic image-map alignment problem using a new similarity measure named Edge-Based Code Mutual Information (EBCMI) and 3-D Hilbert scan. In general, each image-map pair can be viewed as two special multimodal images, however, are very different in their representations such as the intensity. Therefore, the normal Mutual Information (MI) using the intensity in traditional alignment method may result in misalignment. To solve the problem, codes based on the edges of the image-map pairs are constructed and Mutual Information of the codes is computed as the similarity measure for the alignment in our method. Since Edge-Based Code (EBC) is robust to the differences between the image-map pairs in their representations, EBCMI also can overcome the differences. On the other hand, the 3-D search space in alignment can be converted to a 1-D search space sequence by 3-D Hilbert Scan and a new search strategy is proposed on the 1-D search space sequence. The experimental results show that the proposed EBCMI performed better than the normal MI and some other similarity measures and the proposed search strategy gives flexibility between efficiency and accuracy for automatic image-map alignment task.

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We propose a novel maximum neural network with stochastic dynamics for solving NP-hard optimization problems, the N-Queens problems. A self-feedback term with stochastic characteristic is introduced into motion function of the maximum neural network, which increases the dynamics of the neural network to search for globally optimal solutions. Moreover, several new constraints having random selection character are presented and used in the proposed algorithm to drive the network to escape from local minima. With the stochastic dynamics and those new constraints, the proposed algorithm has a great ability to find optimal or near-optimal solutions of N-Queens problems. The simulations show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other algorithms in light of successful rate, and it is especially suited to be used in practical system with parallel updating.

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To land a helicopter on a flight deck of a ship is said to be one of difficult operations even for experienced pilots because the helicopter rotor is affected by complex flows, e.g. ship airwakes and interference flows formed between the rotor and superstructures, in addition to ship motions. Therefore, it is important to grasp quantitatively influence of these complex flows on the helicopter rotor for securing the safe deck-landing. In this paper, CFD analysis of helicopter rotor operating over a flight deck is done by solving unsteady 3D compressible Euler equations with an overlapped grid system. The superstructure on a flight deck is modeled by a simple sharp edged bluff body. Parameters for numerical analysis are landing spot and relative wind speed to the rotor and ship. Effects of these parameters on the rotor torque, flowfields around the rotor and inflow distributions on the rotor disc are clarified.

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An annular-shaped high power nitrogen microwave induced plasma (N₂-MIP) produced at atmospheric pressure by an Okamoto cavity in a surface wave mode has been used as a new and efficient excitation source for atomic emission spectrometry (AES). The results show that this kind of MIP source is more stable than conventional low power MIPs and remarkably tolerant to direct and continuous introduction of wet aerosols and molecular gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, air and gaseous hydrides because of its high input microwave power. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the best attainable detection limits at As(I) 228.812 and Se(I) 196.026 nm by use of N₂-MIP-AES coupled with hydride generation technique were 2.99 ng As/ml and 0.86 ng Se/ml with a linear dynamic ranges of 5 to 10, 000 ng As/ml and 1 to 5, 000 ng Se/ml. The presence of several diverse elements has been found to cause more or less a depressing interference with the determination of arsenic and selenium by the present technique. Of the several pre-reductants potassium iodide has been found to be the most preferable to reduce As(V) to As(III) prior to hydride generation for the determination of total arsenic, i.e., As(III)+As(V). To the contrary, the heating of sample solutions, previously acidified in 5 M with hydrochloric acid, at 80°C for 20 min was the best way to pre-reduce Se(VI) to Se(IV) before hydride generation for the determination of total selenium, i.e., Se(IV)+Se(VI). The proposed method was applied to the determination of low concentrations of arsenic and selenium in carbon steels and stainless steels, respectively. The results obtained by this method were in good agreement with the certified values.

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A purified hog intestinal receptor for intrinsic factor-vitamin B_<12> complex was labeled with ^<125>I. The labeled receptor had an apparent molecular weight of 460,000 on gel filtration through Sepharose 6B column and an isoelectric point of 4.48. It reacted with the anti-serum against the receptor to yield a macromolecular complex. When the receptor was assayed in a double anti-body radioimmunoassay using the ^<125>I-labeled receptor, good standard curves were obtained and non-specific, binding was less than 1.2%. A good agreement was obtained between receptor activities assayed by gel filtration and receptor contents measured by the present radioimmunoassay method by studying several receptor preparations with different specific activities. The method is simple to perform, precise and sensitive and makes it possible to assay the receptor in large batches.

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画像中の物体を認識することはコンピュータビジョンの分野において主要な問題である．本稿では穴のないシルエット画像を対象とし，画像からグラフを抽出してグラフの類似性により認識する手法を提案する．シルエット画像をグラフで表現して認識する手法はいくつか提案されているが，従来手法の多くは学習データの中からカテゴリごとにプロトタイプを選び，未知画像とプロトタイプとの類似度を計算することで認識を行っている．提案手法はプロトタイプを学習データの中から選ぶのではなく，カテゴリごとにすべての学習データを用いて共通的な構造をもつグラフ（代表グラフ）を求め，未知画像をこの代表グラフとの類似性により認識する．実際のシルエット画像を用いた認識実験を行い，提案手法の有効性を示す．

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Recently, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and synchronous generator are mostly applied for wind power generation, and variable speed control and power factor control are executed for high efficiently for wind energy capture and high quality for power system voltage. In variable speed control, a wind speed or a generator speed is used for maximum power point tracking. However, performances of a wind generation power fluctuation due to wind speed variation have not yet investigated for those controls.
The authors discuss power smoothing by those controls for the DFIG inter-connected to 6.6kV distribution line. The performances are verified using power system simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC for actual wind speed data and are examined from an approximate equation of wind generation power fluctuation for wind speed variation.

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S^2-イオンを含む硫酸ナトリウム水溶液中における光照射下の焼結CdS電極の分極挙動を研究した。その結果,S^2-イオンを含む溶液中においては,それを含まない溶液の場合にくらべて,光電流の立ち上がり電位が約0.7V卑方向にシフトし,約-1.45V(vs.SCE)となること,しかもその光電極反応としては
S^2- + 2 P →S
が優先的に起こるため,CdSの光溶解反応が抑えられ得ること,また十分高濃度のS^2-イオンを含む水溶液中では,光電極反応により析出した単体SがSS^2-イオンに溶解してポリ硫化物イオン(S₂^2-)となって電解にともなう光電流の減少がみられないことがわかった。これらのことから,十分高濃度のS^2-イオンを含む水溶液を用いてCdSを不溶性アノードとする電気化学光電池をつくることが可能であると結論された。

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This paper addresses shock absorption behavior of 3-D additive manufactured truncated octahedron for the landing gear of lunar and planetary explores. The deformation modes of truncated octahedron were predicted by the form finding analyses. The collapse load of each deformation load was calculated by the plastic hinge theory. The predicted load--displacement curve agreed with the experimental results, and thus, the proposed prediction method was verified.

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The authors have investigated insulation diagnostic technique for gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) by detecting partial discharge (PD) signals, particularly PD current, PD-induced electromagnetic wave and AE signal. So far, we have experimentally shown that discharge type such as streamer and leader-type discharge can be discriminated by introducing an amplitude ratio of the positive peak value to the negative one of the first-incoming electromagnetic wave with UHF method in the 66kV model GIS. In this paper, we investigate the influence of GIS tank size on propagation properties of PD-induced electromagnetic wave by finite difference time domain (FD-TD) method to derive a criterion to discriminate discharge type. From the calculated results, we discuss the influences of GIS tank size and sensor position on discrimination of discharge type in terms of risk assessment of GIS with focusing on the influence of higher TE modes, especially TE11 mode, of propagating electromagnetic wave.

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BACKGROUND

A recent large randomized controlled study suggested that albumin administration may reduce mortality in patients with septic shock. However, it remains unclear whether albumin should be used for initial resuscitation only without subsequent supplementation. The present study aimed to assess whether intravenous albumin infusion for initial resuscitation without subsequent supplementation is associated with reduced mortality in patients with septic shock using a national inpatient administrative claims database.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database from July 2010 to March 2016, we identified patients with septic shock who received ≥3000 mL of total fluids on day 1 after the start of noradrenaline. We defined patients who received ≥75 g of albumin within 2 days after the start of noradrenaline as the albumin group and other patients as the control group. We performed one-to-one propensity-score matching analyses to analyze the associations of albumin administration with 28-day and 90-day mortality.

RESULTS

We identified 85,563 eligible patients during the 69-month study period. Of these, 6888 patients (8.1%) were allocated to the albumin group. After propensity-score matching, no significant differences were seen between the two groups for 28-day mortality (relative risk 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.88–1.02) and 90-day mortality (relative risk 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.92–1.03).

CONCLUSIONS

Intravenous albumin for initial resuscitation without subsequent supplementation was not significantly associated with reduced short-term mortality in patients with septic shock. Intravenous albumin for initial resuscitation only may therefore be ineffective.

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The statistics complied by the Boeing Co. show that the accident rates of commercial jet airplanes have been kept constant at a low level for the past 30 years or so. The accident rate remains constant, as an increase in number of accidents is predicted due to expansion of air traffic. Therefore, a new technology that is able to further decrease the accident rate is required. Human error like pilot's mistake could be mentioned as the most important factor of aircraft accidents. Especially, human errors, which occur at abnormal situations such as OEI or control surfaces failure, seem to become the direct causes of an accident. In the present study, a control support system is constructed by using our proposed linear model matching control method, which is capable of recovering the controllability under an OEI situation of a multiengine plane, with the object of preventing an accident due to situational pilot error.

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本稿では，情景画像を対象とする文字列抽出に適した大局的2値化方式を提案する．領域抽出を目的として2値化を行う場合，対象領域と背景とをできるだけ分離することが重要となる．しかしながら，情景画像のような画像ではテクスチャやベタ，文字などの多様な領域で構成されているため，従来の大局的2値化方式のように濃淡情報に基づくしきい値決定法では良質な2値化画像を得ることが困難である．本提案方式は，2値化画像の良さを評価することによって2値化しきい値を選択できる方式である．すなわち，ブランケット法を用いることにより2値化画像の領域の密集度・しきい値の変化に対する領域の安定性に関する評価を行っている．また，提案方式を用いた情景画像の2値化実験を行い，目視による2値化画像と比較してほぼ遜色のない2値化画像が得られることを示した．更に，従来の代表的な大局手法である判別分析法との比較でも本方式が文字領域の2値化に関して高性能であることを示している．

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A knowledge-based approach to imitation learning of motion generation for humanoid robots and an imitative motion generation system based on motion knowledge learning and modification are described. The system has three parts: recognizing, learning, and modifying parts. The first part recognizes an instructed motion distinguishing it from the motion knowledge database by the continuous hidden markov model.
When the motion is recognized as being unfamiliar, the second part learns it using locally weighted regression and acquires a knowledge of the motion.
When a robot recognizes the instructed motion as familiar or judges that its acquired knowledge is applicable to the motion generation, the third part imitates the instructed motion by modifying a learned motion. This paper reports some performance results: the motion imitation of several radio gymnastics motions.

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