Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used as a technique to measure the visible spectra of powdery pharmaceutical samples. It was demonstrated that methyl red is in acid-form in crystalline cellulose and in baseform in MgO. This study indicates that photoacoustic spectroscopy is very effective in the analysis of pharmaceutical powders.

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As is previously reported, we have made clear that; (1) Ferreous coating formation (. . .) in roots of rice plants proceeded parallely with nutrients absorption (N, P, and K) and production of the whole dry weigtht, (2) . . . was closely correlated with the oxidation and sorption of Fe⁺⁺ in media by roots, (3) Ferreous coating was mainly made with Fe⁺⁺ oxidized and sorbed by roots and (4) The okidation and sorption of Fe⁺⁺ were also influenced by Fe⁺⁺ concentration in media. So far as it was concerned, physiological activities conducted by plant from the begining to a certain period of the growth may be proportionally recorded by . . . measured at that period. This paper dealt with how . . . is affected when plants are grown under abnormal conditions. Experiments are consisted of those mentioned below; (A) Effects of defoliation, (B) the same of leaf-blast infection, (C) the same of different soil temperatures, (D) the same of soils artificially deoxidized and (E) the same of nutrient deficiencies upon . . ., Fe⁺⁺ oxidation and sorption in roots. . . . in roots were washed away by 0.5 N-HCl and then colorimetrically determined by O-phenanthroline method. Fe⁺⁺ oxidation and sorption by roots were estimated by determining concentration of Fe⁺⁺ remained in FeSO₄ solution, in which roots to be tested were soaked for 24 hrs. In addition, Fe⁺⁺ concentrations in soils were also colorimetrically measured in filtrates, after soils were shaken with 1M CH₃COONa solution. Main results obtained are as follows: (A) According to the grades of defoliation, . . . in roots were either increased or decreased against non-defoliated (Fig. 1). The same resulted in Fe⁺⁺ oxidation and sorption by roots (Fig. 2). In testing these physiological changes (Fig. 3), a temporaly rise of activities was found in defoliated plots. (B) When plants were infected by leafblast, . . . in roots was also increased (Fig. 4). (C) The higher the soil temperature, the more . . . in roots and Fe⁺⁺ in soils were produced (Fig. 5). From this fact, . . . in roots may be determined by amounts of Fe⁺⁺ in soils. But as illustrated in Fig. 6, when Fe⁺⁺ oxidation and sorption were measured, the higher temperature plot indicated higher physiological activities in contrast to the lower temperature and then activities decreased up to nearly equal values. From these it is clear that not only Fe⁺⁺ amounts in soils but also the temperature affected . . . in roots. (D) In artificially deoxidized soils, . . . in roots of two varieties were similarly increased, notwithstanding the reduced plant growth (Fig. 7). (E) Nutrient deficiencies such as -N and -P made Fe⁺⁺ oxidation and sorption in roots more active, but -K plot less active against complete nutrients plot (Fig. 8). This fact was obtained by using 30 days old seedling, but it was quite reverse when younger plants were used (Fig. 9). When abnormal conditions as mentioned above were given to plants, certain kinds of physiological activation or retardation may occur in infected or damaged parts, from where those effects may reach other parts, for instance, from top to roots. These facts were already recognized by some workers, just as activated or inactivated respiration in roots due to defoliation and others. From our results we can make an assumption again that such physiological changes happened in top or roots due to treatments may be recorded in the form of ferreous coating.

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[PURPOSE] The present study was designed to evaluate reproductive and neurobehavioural effects of brilliant blue in mice throughout two generations.
[METHODS] Brilliant blue was given to mice in the diet at levels of 0 (control), 0.08%, 0.24%, and 0.72% from 5 weeks of age of the F₀ generation to 11 weeks of age of the F₁ generation, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioural parameters were measured.
[RESULTS] In exploratory behaviour of adult females of the F₀ generation, movement time (s) showed a significant tendency to be increased and average time of rearing (s) showed a significant tendency to be decreased in the treatment groups. In the F₁ generation, surface righting at postnatal day (PND) 4 was affected significantly in male and female offspring in a dose-related manner. In exploratory behaviour of adult females of the F₁ generation, number of horizontal activities showed a significant tendency to be decreased in the treatment groups. After weaning, the body weight gain of females was significantly affected during 10−11 weeks of age in a dose-related manner.
[CONCLUSION] In the present study, brilliant blue showed a few significant adverse effects on neurobehavioural parameters. The high dose level was based on the current ADI of brilliant blue . The actual dietary intake of brilliant blue in Japan is presumed to be much lower approximately 0.28−0.56 μg/kg/day. It would therefore appear that the levels of actual dietary intake of brilliant blue are unlikely to produce any adverse effects in humans.

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The interaction of Fast Green () with proteins (including bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), pepsin (Pep) and α-chymotrypsin (Chy), and lysozyme (Lys)) was characterized by enhanced resonance light-scattering (RLS) measurements using a common spectrofluorometer. The enhanced RLS signals of by proteins at 279.0 nm were obtained, and the mechanism of the RLS enhancement was considered in terms of the effects of the pH and ionic strength on the interaction. It was found that the enhanced RLS intensities were in proportion to the concentrations of proteins in the range of nanogram levels, displaying that the present assay is much more sensitive than the reported RLS methods, with the limits of determination being 4.54, 0.6, 22.8, 4.32 and1.75 ng/ml for BSA, HSA, Pep, Chy, and Lys, respectively.

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The authors reported in the previous paper (1961) that the ferreous coating formation (. . ) in rice roots should be closely tied up with metabolic activities of plants, because of the experimental confirmation of the parallelisms among . . ., nutrients uptake and the growth. This paper dealt with both of the repetition of the assay and the clarification of the mechanism of . . ., whether coating formation must be directly related with the oxidation of ferrous ions by roots in media or not. Fundamental methods of the experiment were as follows: the plot with plants, of which roots were immersed in the FeSO₄ solution (its concentration, 8 ppm) and that without plants were set, of which roots were excluded from light. After placing them f or definite hours, the amounts of Fe⁺⁺ and Fe⁺⁺⁺ ions in the solution were determined colorimetrically by the o-phenanthroline method. Moreover by the same method, the ferreous coatings were also measured after the coatings were washed away by 0.5 N-HCl solution. Those values mentioned below were then calculated: (A) Amounts of Fe sorbed by roots=(Total Fe ions in plots without plants)-(the same in those with plants) (B) Amounts of Fe⁺⁺ ions oxidized by roots=(Amounts sorbed by roots)+(Fe⁺⁺ ions oxidized by rootts, remaining in the solution) (C) Amounts of ferreous coating in roots=(HCl-soluble Fe in roots immersed in th Fe⁺⁺ solution)-(the same in roots solution-cultured as usual) Rates of those values were also calculated with respect to root dry weight and hours treated. Main results obtained were as follows: (1) The rates of Fe⁺⁺ sorption and . . . declined gradually, and both of them went hand in hand as the growth advanced (Fig. 1). (2) These rates were positively correlated, when they were estimated at the same stage of the growth (8th leaf stage) (Fig. 2). (3) Changes of Fe⁺⁺ oxidation, sorption by roots and relative growth rates of roots were parallely declined with the growth (Fig. 3). (4) In the younger and more vigorous stages of the growth, Fe⁺⁺ sorption by roots took precedence of that of Fe⁺⁺⁺ (Fig. 4). (5) When Fe⁺⁺ concentrations in media became higher, the rate of Fe⁺⁺ sorption and . . . rose parallely (Fig. 5). From these results, the authors concluded that . . . in rice roots must be closely tied up with root oxidation. . . . must therefore occur according to following processes, that is, Fe⁺⁺ ions in media should be oxidized and sorbed by roots, so as to make ferreous coatings on root surface. In this case, the process must be predominant when rather large but not injurious amounts of Fe⁺⁺ ions are present in media, that happens usually under the water logged condition. Now the authors propose that the estimations of plant activity and soil conditions will be possible by means of . . . determination.

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In our previous report, we described the isolation of two unknown subsidiary colors from commercial Sunset Yellow (Y5) and the identification of their chemical structures. The trisodium salt of 6-hydroxy-7-(4-sulfophenyl)-5-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (Y5-SA) is one of the subsidiary colors isolated and it has a sulfonatophenyl moiety located at the 7-position of Y5. As it was thought that Y5-SA is generated under the reaction conditions used in Y5 production, we investigated its mechanism of generation. The experimental synthesis of Y5-SA clarified the following points: 1) When a ratio of the the sulfanilic acid diazonium salt and the Schaeffer's salt were changed and then reacted, the quantity of Y5-SA that was generated increased when the quantity of the sulfanilic acid diazonium salt was increased. 2) When the sulfanilic acid diazonium salt was added to Y5, the amount of Y5-SA that was generated depended on time and the quantity of the sulfanilic acid diazonium salt. 3) There was little generation of Y5-SA at pH 8.0 〜 pH 10.0, and generation peaked at pH 12.0, and then decreaced at pH 13.0. Fig.5 shows the reaction pathways of Y5-SA. According to Mazzola et al, Y5 is balanced as shown in Fig.5-A. They also proved that the pKa of phenol is 12.0 by potentiometric titration and from the chemical shift change of ¹³C-NMR. We concluded as follows: ・Y5 at pH 12.0 is balanced as shown in Fig.5-B. Phenoxide ions that are generated are delocalized and stabilized on the naphthalene ring. ・The anion localized at the 7-position of the naphthalene ring is highly reactive. ・This anion reacts with the cation generated by the decomposition of the sulfanilic acid diazonium salt (Fig. 5-C) to produce Y5-SA (Fig. 5-D). When Y5 is manufactured, Schaeffer's salt and sulfanilic acid diazonium salt are coupled in equal amounts. Therefore, to reduce the amount of Y5-SA in Y5, it is necessary to carry out the reaction at pH 10.0, which is the optimum pH for the coupling reaction used in the generation of Y5. Based on these reacts, Y5-SA can be used as a GMP marker during Y5 production.

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　The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between Feeling of Cumulative Fatigue (

) and lifestyle factors from the viewpoint of health education at school. The subjects of the analysis are 931 (469 males and 462 females) high-school students in Okayama prefecture. The survey was conducted in April, 2009. The main results were as follows:

1) The average number of

score was 66.1 for total, 65.3 for males and 66.9 for females. There was no significance between males and females.

2) Among the 15 lifestyle factors, there was a significant difference between males and females in such factors as awakening time, time of sleep, computer and game time, learning time in home, exercise and sport, snack, juice and bowel movement.

3) For males, bed time, time of sleep, time to onset of sleep, snoozing during class, computer and game time, learning time in home and snack were influential to

score. For females, on the other hand, bed time, time of sleep, time to onset of sleep, snoozing during class, exercise and sport, and bowel movement were influential to score.

　The following conclusion can be drawn from the above results: 1) Subjective symptoms about Feeling of Cumulative Fatigue for high-school students is likely to reflect life styles of students. 2) Subjective symptoms about Feeling of Cumulative Fatigue can be considered of value as health index in order to promote health education in school.

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A novel solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) quenching sensor was constructed for determination of brilliant blue (BB ). Under a simple electropolymerization step, poly(sulfosalicylic acid) (PSSA) film attached luminophore Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ was successfully formed on the surface of a glass carbon electrode [Ru(bpy)₃²⁺–PSSA/GCE], which exhibited excellent ECL behavior. A high quenching effect on the ECL signal of the Ru(bpy)₃²⁺–PSSA/GCE was obtained with the presence of low concentration of BB . Moreover, the quenched ECL intensity showed a linear relation within the BB concentration range of 0.5 – 7 and 7 – 10 μmol/L, with a detection limit of 57 nmol/L (S/N = 3). Besides, Ru(bpy)₃²⁺–PSSA/GCE exhibited good reproducibility and was successfully applied in the practical detection of BB in peppermint candy samples.

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An analytical method for the determination of Brilliant Blue in water by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been developed. A hundred milliliter of water sample portion of passed through an anion exchange solid phase extraction cartridge at a flow rate of 3 mL min⁻¹. The cartridge eluted with 5 mL of 5%-NH₄OH/methanol. The eluate was concentrated to ca. 0.5 mL, and Fast Green was added as an internal standard and adjusted to 1 mL with purified water. This solution was determined by LC/MS (ESI negative ion mode). The averages of recoveries of Brilliant Blue from purified water and pond water were 97.4% and 94.8%, respectively. For the 32 rivers in Ibaraki Prefecture investigated by this method, Brilliant Blue was detected from 26 rivers. A detected mean concentration was 0.13 μg L⁻¹, and the maximum concentration was 1.2 μg L⁻¹. This result shows that Brilliant Blue exists in the environment widely.

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Major unknown subsidiary colors A (Sub A) and B (Sub B) in commercial Sunset Yellow (Food Yellow No. 5 in Japan) have been isolated by preparative HPLC. Spectroscopic analyses of Sub A and Sub B revealed that their structures are trisodium salt of 6-hydroxy-7-(4-sulfophenyl)-5-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, and disodium salt of 3-hydroxy-4-(4-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphtalenesulfonic acid, respectively.

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This study investigates how smallholder farmers attract contracts from agribusiness firms. We focus on firm-cooperative-farmer (

) contract farming and examine its potential contribution to the income of smallholder rice farmers in Vietnam. We found that participation in is associated with higher paddy yield, revenue, and income from rice cultivation, which is consistent with previous research on staple food crops. Furthermore, this model can be implemented in areas with severely fragmented land, such as Vietnam’s Red River Delta region.

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Septins, which are involved in cytokinesis, have been identified in a variety of fungi and animal cells. For analysis of the function of septin, drugs targeting septin would be useful; however, no such drugs have been available hitherto. By serendipity, we found that forchlorfenuron (, N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea, 4PU300), a synthetic plant cytokinin, disturbed cytokinesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Upon administration of , septin structures at the bud neck became deformed and filament-like septin appeared outside of the neck. Under these conditions, the localization of actin was normal and Gin4, which is localized at the bud neck in a septin-dependent manner, was found to remain at the location of apparently normal septin at the bud neck, whereas it was not co-localized to the deformed septin at the bud neck or to septin seen outside the bud neck. administration immediately induced production of sporadic septin structures outside the bud neck, and these structures disappeared promptly upon removal of the drug. Taken together, these findings indicate that maybe a promising drug for investigating the structure and function of septin.

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A new type of highly viscous ointment containing Carbopol-934 (CP) for application to the oral mucosa was formulated. The release properties of Brilliant Blue (B.B.) and the absorption of sodium salicylate through the oral mucosa from the ointment were studied. In release test using the agar gel bed method, there was no significant difference in % release of B.B. after 12 h from ointments containing glycerin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as excipients. However, the form of the ointment containing glycerin was maintained for 24 h whereas the ointment containing PEG liquefied. The 50% release time (T₅₀) decreased with increase of glycerin content, but the difference of water absorption was negligible. Therefore, the release rate of B.B. was related to the consistency of CP gel ointment rather than to water absorption. In vivo absorption of sodium salicylate from the ointment in hamster cheek pouch was also investigated. Absorption was fast from both 12.5 and 20% CP ointments, and the drug absorption was sustained for 5 h from 12.5% CP ointment.

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In order to study the daily intake of tar dyes in children aged 1 - 6 years old using a market basket method, conventional analytical methods for 12 kinds of tar dyes in processed foods were modified and improved. In the conventional analytical methods, tar dyes are analyzed using HPLC after extraction by enzymatic treatment and purification with a solid-phase extraction cartridge. In our improved method, the preparation of sample solutions and HPLC conditions were simplified using TBA-Br solution as an ion pair reagent and the purification procedure was simplified using Sep-pak plus tC18 Environmental cartridge as a solid-phase extraction cartridge. When the improved method was applied to the analyses of tar dyes in market basket samples (Groups 1〜8), 9 colors in Group 7, i.e., Amaranth, Allura Red AC, Ponceau 4R, Acid Red, Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow , Fast Green , Brilliant Blue and Indigotine, could not be quantified owing to interference peaks. The recoveries of the above mentioned 9 kinds of tar dyes in Group 7 were improved by adding polyamide column purification after the extraction by enzymatic treatment step. These improved methods resulted in good recoveries (72〜114%) for tar dyes, with the exception of Indigotine (24〜72%), which is unstable in processed food. The improved methods can be applied to market basket samples in the analyses of tar dyes for estimation of their daily intake amounts.

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A new type of suppository with a hollow cavity into which drugs, in the form of powder, liquid, or solid could be placed was constructed. The advantage of the use of this hollow-type suppository is that interactions between drug and the oily-base suppository materials can be essentially eliminated. Brilliant blue (BB) was selected as a model drug since the rate of dissolution could be observed visually. New type suppositories and conventional type suppositories were constructed with four different oily-base materials. The dissolution rates of BB in vitro from new-type could then be compared with those of conventional-type suppositories made from the same base material. It was found that with conventional construction, the rates differed considerably depending on the base material. With the new type no difference was found between the four materials tested. Similar results were obtained if the BB was added to the suppository as a fine powder, aqueous solution or macrogol mixture. Plasma concentration of BB were measured in rabbits after the rectal administration of the suppositories. These data on bioavailability showed that the hollow-type suppositories were less influenced by kinds of the base material than were the conventional types.

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A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor for detection of brilliant blue

(BB) has been developed using Ru@Zn-MOF/nafion modified GCE (glass carbon electrode) in this research. Different from conventional method for usage of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ in solution-phase, Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ here was immobilized on a zinc-metal-organic-framework (Zn-MOF). After adding BB, a significant quenching phenomenon of ECL intensity was observed. The behavior of BB on the quenching effect of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺/Zn-MOF in different conditions was investigated thoroughly and the detection limit was achieved to 2.5 × 10⁻⁸ M in an optimized condition. Furthermore, the interference of some conventional ions and amino acids to the detection of BB was also investigated. Additionally, the composite showed a good effect on the detection of BB in commercial samples. The proposed sensor provided a promising platform for food safety analysis, environmental monitoring and clinical testing.

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In the previous paper, the authors reported the kinetic studies on the factors affecting the biliary excretion with azo dyes and indigoid dye. The further investigation was tried with triphenylmethane dyes in rat. Six triphenylmethane dyes, i.e., Brilliant Blue , Light Green SF, Fast Green , Guinea Green B, Acid Violet 6B and Acid Violet 5B were used. (1) The excretion behaviors were similar to those of azo dyes which had the dose dependency. And the excretion ratios were generally larger than those of azo dyes except Light Green SF and Acid Violet 5B. (2) It was concluded that a sulfonate group beyond other groups had a remarkable effect on the biliary excretion ratio and pattern, and that the position of a sulfonate group as well as the number was important to determine its effect. (3) The possibility of the compartmental analysis for the biliary excretion process was suggested in the excretion pattern of Brilliant Blue .

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The regulatory authorities need in the licensing process to examine the licensee's safety analysis by analyzing by themselves some events independently. For this purpose, Japan Institute of Nuclear Safety (JINS) was established in Nuclear Power Engineering Center (NUPEC) in 1980. Since then, JINS has been preparing, improving and developing safety analysis codes, and applied them to audit calculations for nuclear power plants (NPP) and fuel cycle facilities (). Further, JINS is conducting the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) with the aim to complement the deterministic safety assessment.
This review describes the development at JINS of safety anlysis techniques for NPP (Chap. II) and (Chap. III), of the PSA (Chap. IV) and of environmental dose assessment (Chap. V). Most of the codes have been completed to be applicable for safety examination by the regulatory authorities.

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