Marine Observation Satellite-1 (MOS-1) is the first Japan's earth observation satellite and will carry three different type sensors, i.e., Multispectral Electronic Self Scanning Radiometer (MESSR), Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer (VTIR), Microwave Scanning Radiometer (MSR) and Data Collection System Transponder (DCST) as the mission instruments.
Radiometric accuracy of the sensors were assessed taking into account sea-surface condition, influences due to sun-, atmospheric effects and so on. Consequently it was found that the followings are noticeable.
(1) Maximum and minimum radiance values and S/N ratio of MESSR are nearly equal to those of Landsat MSS.
(2) The maximum influence of sun- on MESSR data under the condition of 7(m/s) of wind speed over the sea surface and 10 o'clock of Local Mean Time ; LMT of the satellite orbit is approximately 2(%) in termes of the equivalent reflectance of sun- while that for 11 o'clock of LMT is about 7(%).
(3) Influence of sun- on VTIR band 1 data, under the condition of 7(m/s) of wind speed over the sea-surface and 11 o'clock of Local Mean Time; LMT of the satellite orbit (in worst case) is approximately 9(%) in terms of equivalent reflectance of sun-. Meanwhile those of VTIR band 2, 3 and 4 are negligibly small.
(4) Due to the influence of the lim-darkening, input radiance of VTIR in the observation with the maximum scanning angle is reduced by 38(%) comparing with that for nadir observation.
(5) Influence of polarization change due to antenna rotation on brightness temperature of MSR antenna was approximately 2.8(%) in typical case.
(6) The percentage ratio of the contribution of the radiation from land through side-lobe of MSR antenna is less than 12.3(%).

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Sun

is the reflection of the setting sun on the surface of the sea. Sun covers a wide area of the sea while the sun is high, but narrows to a single golden bar as the sun sets. The reflection is constantly scattered and refracted by the waves, producing an exceptionally attractive pattern that should be considered a major scenic resource.

This research examines the physical characteristics of sun

, and demonstrated that sun exerts a powerful emotional and physiological effect on humans. This research focuses on utilization of sun as a scenic resource in design of coastal facilities. Field research was conducted along the Sea of Japan coast, where coastal architecture has been designed to take advantage of sun , and comparisons were made with idealized images of sun .

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The sun caused by the reflection of the direct solar radiation. This report is the experimental study of the sun influence on the visual performance, and of the most effective sunglasses which can reduce the sun influence for the watch-keeping seafarers on the navigation bridge. The instruments are two types of device, one is the vision tester called OPTEC-2000 which can measure the contrast sensitivity ; the other one is the flicker tester. The results obtained from this experiment on board are as follows ; 1. The mean level of the luminance of the sea surface below the horizon at approximately one degree is 2×10^5cd/m^2. The maximum level is 1×10^6cd/m^2. This sun influence occurs after sunrise and again before sunset. 2. The sun is a disability glare which lowers the visual performance greatly. 3. Evaluation of sunglasses. (1) The use of sunglasses has the effect of counteracting the reduction of visual perform ance caused by the sun . (2) The most effective sunglasses to counteract the sun influence The transmitted color is the green group which has the characteristics of absorbing the wave length of the visible range, of course including the ultraviolet radiation. There is a tendency that the 20% transmittance of the green group sunglasses has a little influence on the visual performance. (3) There are some cases where polarized sunglasses are used to look through the windshield of the navigation bridge. This causes stripes to appear on the visual field. 4. For the watch-keeping seafarers on the navigation bridge, it is important to use the sunglasses mentioned above in order to combat the effects of the reduction of visual performance caused by the sun influence.

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サングリッタが暗順応に与える影響を実験的に求めた. まずサングリッタの物理的特性を計測し, サングリッタの色変化と他の物理的特性の関係を明確にした. 同時に両眼開放視力の暗順応時間を暗順応時間測定計を用いて測定し, 物理的特性との関係を検討した. 実験では矯正視力1.0以上で視機能が正常な者を被験者とし, 予備実験によって個人別の基準値を検討した. 本実験の結果, 暗順応時間はサングリッタが視野の中心付近にあるほど長く, その色がうすい黄赤のときに最大30倍程度, 遅延し, 視野の中心から30度程度離れると影響は半減することがわかった.

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We have developed a systematic and directed method to create novel glittering mutants in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) by combining the advantages of ion-beam breeding and genomic information. The method is a series of steps that include: (i) establishing a basic strategy to select appropriate genotypes for specific breeding aims using genomic information, (ii) identifying factors that induce anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs), (iii) using ion-beam irradiation consecutively to modify pigment glycosylation and/or acylation, (iv) tuning shading of color, and (v) selecting stable mutants with markers. During the course of this work, we identified a factor that causes AVIs and analyzed the content of anthocyanins and related compounds in the flowers of these mutants. Applying the method, we have created two highly novel carnations with the most glittering color ever reported.

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Effects on impression by water surface reflection were verified by experiments with participants. As results, light color was more preferred than daylight color. Calmness increased when the luminance value was lower than about 8000 cd/m². The higher the luminance value, the higher the evaluation of sharpness and

. When the water surface had small and medium waves, the evaluation value of calmness, and beauty was higher than when there was no wave. Calmness and beauty were rated higher for small waves than for medium waves. Based on the above findings, lighting schemes with water reflections should be implemented.

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This paper presents experimental studies and theoretical considerations on local overheat phenomena of catalysts on some components of a phosphoric acid fuel cells stack exposed to leakage combustible gas.
By blowing air contained with few % of hydrogen, catalysts having low heat wasting capability such as catalysts on a PTFE film can be heated up to and found to set flame to the inflammable PTFE film.
On the other hand, catalysts on massive carbon structure can not heat the carbon even at the local overheat and conditions of the catalysts.
In order to prevent overheat damage of stack components, suppression of hydrogen concentrartion in air, exclusion of useless large catalyst pieces on components and careful usage of infiammble thermal insulator such as PTFE film are proposed.
Application of new detecting method of catalysts on stack components is also recommended.

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In order to improve effectiveness and compliance for hand-washing, the staff of Kizawa Memorial Hospital were invited to take part in a survey and course of instruction on hand-hygiene. Two hundred-ninety-seven persons participated. The survey assessed practice of hand-hygiene, previous experience of hand-hygiene education, and presence of dermatitis symptoms (rough skin) through a questionnaire. Then instruction in the proper hand-washing procedure was given in accordance with recommended guidelines. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of washing before instruction, a fluorescent dye containing hand cream was applied to the hands and after washing, the number of residual fluorescent dye spots was counted. This was repeated after instruction in the hand-washing procedure. Poor hand-washing compliance was associated with a lack of instruction in this regard. The number of residual dye spots decreased significantly after instruction (p<0.0001). While there was no difference in the number of dye spots between staff who had rough skin and those who did not before instruction, afterwards, people with no roughness on their hands had less spots than those who had roughness (p<0.0261). This seems to suggest that rough skin on the hands reduces the effectiveness of hand-washing. This study demonstrated that hand-washing education is important for achieving compliance in washing the hands. All hospital staff should be provided with such education. Also, efforts should be made to prevent rough skin on the hands since it may reduce the effectiveness of hand-washing.

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看護師の手洗いが適切か検討を行うため, 洗浄剤と手洗い器具を使った手洗いの評価を行った. 対象は平成12年度308名, 平成13年度348名, 平成14年度361名の計1,017名. 専用ローションを手指にまんべんなく塗布後, 洗浄剤にて10秒以上20秒以内で手洗いを行い, Bug^TMを用いて効果的な手洗い法について評価を行った. 専用ローションが全て洗い落とされている場合を合格とした. 合格率は平成12, 13, 14年がそれぞれ12.0%, 16.7%, 23.0%であり, 平成14年は12年, 13年に比し有意に上昇していた (それぞれp=0.0003, p=0.0385). 洗い残し部位は従来報告されているとおり, 爪, 手荒れ部, 指先, 指間などであり, 合格率の上昇は部位別には手首, 手背部, 手掌部の洗い残し部位の減少, 部署別には外科系病棟看護師の合格率の上昇によるものであった. 爪, 手荒れ部, 指先, 指間などが洗い残し部位の上位を占めているのは, 同部位の洗浄が難しいことを証明しており, 手洗い方法の普及, 啓発を継続的に行う必要があると考えられた.

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Six specimens of Thamneus rostratus Bovallius, 1887 (Amphipoda: Hyperiidea) including a shining with iridescent

mature female attaching under surface of the umbrella of a warm water medusa, Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) were found from a shore coast in Jogashima, southern end of the Miura peninsula, Pacific coast of central Japan. The morphological features of the present specimens were in close agreement with the descriptions of Thamneus rostratus (or as Euthamneus rostratus) in previous literatures. This hyperiid have widely distributed, known from records in tropical and temperate regions of the world’s oceans, but it is relatively uncommon. This finding represents the first record of T. rostratus from Japanese water.

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　海面を多くの小面から成立っているものとし、その小面の傾斜が風の方向に対して、isotropicおよびanisotropic Gaussian分布をしていると仮定した (Cox and Munk、1955)。また海面の反射特性を入射角と反射角の函数として表わした。ここでは、波長域をNOAA衛星搭載AVHRR放射計 (可視、3.7μmおよび11μm帯) に限定して、Hale and Querry (1973) で与えられた水の屈折率を基にして、海面の射出率および反射率を計算した。
　3.7μmおよび11μm赤外窓領域では、isotropic Gaussian分布の場合、射出率の風による依存性は小さく、海面は鏡面反射をすると仮定しても良い事がわかった。可視域における反射率についても同じ事が言えるが、この場合太陽光が海面によって直接ある方向へ反射する確率は、Gauss分布に従うので、海面状態への依存性が高い。また11μm帯では、射出率は天頂角が小さい所では (40度以下) 完全黒体のものに近いが、3.7μm窓領域では、少しづれており、天頂角が0度の所で、0.977 (3.9μm)、40°で0.972であった。

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　12世紀後半にカシミール地方で活躍した修辞学者ショーバーカラミトラは，自身の著作である『修辞の宝蔵』（アランカーラ・ラトナーカラ）において，修辞手法の共存という文脈でアランカーラとサンスリシュティとサンカラと三つの項目の関係に注目した．彼によると，一文における主たる修辞手法はアランカーラと名付けられ，補助にあたる他の修辞手法はサンカラと名付けられる．一方，彼はサンスリシュティを修辞手法と認めない．彼によると，実際のところ，全ての修辞手法は他の修辞手法と結合して例文に現れ，単一で使われることはない．上述の観点は彼の学術的な対論者であるルッヤカ（12世紀前半）の観点とは鋭く対立している．

　アランカーラという名称については，例文に存在するだけでアランカーラと呼ばれる場合と，別種の輝き（vicchittyantara）に見えても主たる修辞手法の地位が損なわれない場合がある．第二の場合は，他の修辞手法の影が主たるものと混合する場合（chāyāsaṃkara）と，別種の表現法となる場合（bhaṅgyantarābhidhāna）との，二種の状況が存在する．最後にショーバーカラミトラは，アランカーラという術語は修飾されるもの，つまりラサ（rasa）を想定しているが，チトラはそれを想定しないとして，チトラとアランカーラとの区別を提示する．

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　海からの放射の大気散乱光に及ぼす影響をadding methodに使える形で導いた。大気及び海水は水平方向に光学的に一様で、垂直方向に不均質であると仮定した。海面はCox and Munk(1956)のモデルとし、海底は黒体とした。海中の海水、hydrosol、chlorophyll 等によって散乱、反射した光は偏光を考慮した形で式を導いたが、計算例としてはRaschke (1972)のモデルをscalarで求め、衛星によって受信される反射光の強度 (0.63μm: NOAA搭載AVHRR放射計の第1チャンネルの中心波長に対応) への影響として討議した。海中からの放射は天底角が小さい所で認められ、天底角が大きくなると影響がない事がわかった。偏光を考慮した計算結果は準備中です。

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   傾きが風速と風向に依存する非等方海面モデルによる赤外射出率の計算に海面での多重反射成分を導入した。反射成分を考慮しないで求めた海面からの射出を放射源として一次反射成分を、一次反射成分を放射源として二次反射成分を、以下同様に高次の反射成分を求めた。3.7、11、12 μmの3波長について、風速が3、5、10、15 m/sの場合に風向が赤外射出率に与える影響を調べた。
   現在、傾きが風速だけに依存する等方海面モデルによる海面射出率が放射伝達モデルで広く利用されており、これまでに観測値との比較による検証が行われてきた。本研究では、多重反射成分を導入した非等方海面モデルによる赤外射出率を参照値として、等方海面モデルによる赤外射出率の精度を、風速、観測角などを考慮して調べた。例えば、波長11 μm・海面温度288 K・風速10 m/sの場合、等方海面モデルによる赤外射出率の精度が温度誤差に換算して0.3 K以内であるのは、反射成分を含めない場合・含める場合について、それぞれ観測角が56°・68°までであった。
   観測角が通常50°以下であるような衛星観測の解析処理には、風速が10m/s以下である場合には多重反射成分や風向の影響を考慮する必要性は少ないが、船舶などからのより大きい角度での放射観測に対しては、それらを考慮することにより解析精度の向上が図られることが示された。

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　可視から近赤外域の波長での放射伝達のシミュレーションを行う場合には、海面での反射、屈折の取り扱いが計算精度上重要である。本論文では計算方法としてdoubling-adding法を用いる場合の反射・屈折matrixを等方的Cox-Munk海面モデルを用いて表し、その計算精度を海面でのエネルギ保存に注目して検証した。ただしこの海面モデルでは多重反射・多重屈折の効果は無視してある。波長としては比較的海水の透明度の高い0.5μmを用いた。検証方法としては大気中、海水中におけるquadrature pointの数を様々に変化させて、それらの結果を比較する方法で行った。その結果屈折matrixに若干の補正を加えると比較的point数の少い (15, 24) の場合にも満足する結果が得られた。このことは多大な計算時間と記憶容量が必要な偏光度の計算を含むシミュレーションでは特に重要である。また太陽の天頂角が大きい場合に生ずるshadowの問題を解決する方法を示し、多重反射、多重屈折等による誤差についても若干の検討を行った。最後に大気上端でのアルベド、上向き放射輝度・偏光度の計算結果の例を示した。

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The human skin is damaged by exposure to strong ultraviolet rays during the summer. Ultraviolet radiation is reflected from beach sand and the surface of the ocean, as well as from direct ultraviolet rays from the sun or from the sky where there are no objects that create shade in the immediate area like at the beach. People are exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sky as well as the surface of the sand and the ocean even when direct sunlight is avoided by sun shade. It is important to understand the precise amount of rays because it is difficult to protect people from ultraviolet rays that come from the earth's surface. This research revealed ultraviolet radiance characteristics of ultraviolet radiation for each direction/measurement angle by measuring the ultraviolet radiance of the surface of the ocean on a clear and sunny day. Based on the results of the measurements, we separated the components of mirror reflection via direct sunlight and the component of diffusion from the sky to obtain sizes. In addition, we measured the ultraviolet reflectance of the ocean surface and showed that sun altitude was 6% at 60^0 and 70^0.

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In this paper a method is proposed to compress the multi-channel sounder data for global greenhouse gases monitoring into a small number of hypothetical channels loosing a negligible information content that the original channel has. Recent Earth observation satellites provide radiance data of thousands of channels at one observation point, piling up gigabyte of data per day. Meanwhile it has recently been recognized that the atmospheric field analysis for the numerical weather prediction produces a better result, when it uses the radiance data of satellite sounder rather than such the retrieved physical parameters, as the temperature and humidity. The difficulty of using radiance data of large number channels is that it uses too much resources in the assimilation loop of three, or four-dimensional variational formulation.
In the present work we propose a method to compress a large number of original channels to a small number of hypothetical channels, whose weighting functions are the eigenvectors made from the matrix of original weighting functions for various atmospheric and observational conditions. The original weighting functions of an arbitrary spectrum concerned are, in turn, expanded with the eigenvectors obtained as above. Using this relation, the radiances of hypothetical channels are obtained by a linear combination of originally observed radiances. The error covariance matrix of the hypothetical channels is also obtained from measurement error of original channels. Since, in the present method of hypothetical radiance, much more channels of original spectrum can be incorporated in the analysis, almost all the information that the original spectrum has is maintained. An example of the application is shown for the simulated radiance data of a remote sounder of the atmospheric greenhouse gases, which observes the solar radiation reflected in the Sun glint region of the water surface, with a high spectral resolution. The result showed that the 240 channels of original radiance data can be condensed to 5 channels or less of hypothetical radiances, with loosing negligible information that the original data has.

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An algorithm of retrieving SST from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) aboard Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) launched in November 1997 is developed. Root square mean of difference between monthly TMI SST and SST of the Japan Meteorological Agency is within 0.7∼0.8°C in the global ocean. TMI SST in the equatorial Pacific Ocean clearly shows a time sequential change of SST from El Nino in early 1998 to La Nina like in middle 1998. Although there remain several problems to be solved to improve an accuracy of TMI SST, such as calibration, effect of strong wind, sun , et al., TMI SST will give new information about SST, from studies of comparing with infrared SST and studies of SST of quickly change.

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