refinement is a crucial step in -oriented requirements analysis to create a model of high quality. Poor refinement leads to missing requirements and eliciting incorrect requirements as well as less comprehensiveness of produced models. This paper proposes a technique to automate detecting bad smells of refinement, symptoms of poor refinement. At first, to clarify bad smells, we asked subjects to discover poor refinement concretely. Based on the classification of the specified poor refinement, we defined four types of bad smells of refinement: Low Semantic Relation, Many Siblings, Few Siblings, and Coarse Grained Leaf, and developed two types of measures to detect them: measures on the graph structure of a model and semantic similarity of descriptions. We have implemented a supporting tool to detect bad smells and assessed its usefulness by an experiment.

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ファジィ多目標計画法は, これまでに種々のタイプの定式化や解法が提案されているが, これらは線形式の目的関数だけを対象にしたものが多い.しかし, 目標として掲げられるものの中には, 比率式であらわされる目標もあるため, 比率目標を取り扱うことができるモデルの方が好ましい.また, 既住のファジィ多目標計画法の多くは, あいまいな数値を考慮しているにもかかわらず, 解が確定値で得られるタイプが多い.しかし, 問題を構成する要素があいまいな数値で与えられているのであるから, そのあいまいさの程度に依存して, 解自体もあいまいな数値として算出される方が自然である.このような考え方に基づいた解法の一つに高野らの方法がある.しかし, この方法も比率目標を取り扱うことはできない.本研究ではこのような状況を考慮して, 高野らの解法を拡張し, 比率目標にも対応することができる解法を提案する.

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[Purpose] This review aimed: (1) to obtain all the facts regarding existing -setting methods in physical therapy; (2) to clarify the application status of the methods for stroke patients; and (3) to put forth a suggestion for the development of a format prepared by collaboration between stroke patients and physical therapists. [Methods] A systematic search was performed to identify the existing -setting methods and to obtain the relevant literature. We reviewed a total of 165 reports. [Results] We identified 8 types of -setting methods: Attainment Scaling (GAS), the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), forum intervention, and others. GAS was evaluated for its validity, reliability, and sensitivity for physically disabled children and the elderly, but there were no reports on the applicability of GAS to stroke patients. The COPM, which is a subjective measurement method using self-reporting, was evaluated for validity, reliability, and sensitivity for occupational therapy patients and physically disabled children. The forum intervention is a -setting method involving the collaboration of patients and physical therapists with the use of a check-list, but this method was developed for rheumatoid arthritis patients. [Conclusion] We recommend further studies on the development of a -setting method using a checklist for stroke patients and the evaluation of the validity and reliability of GAS for stroke patients.

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日常生活で繰り返される出来事の行動系列に関する知識のことをスクリプト (Schank & Abelson, 1977) と呼ぶ。現実の生活では, 子どもたちは様々な妨害に対して, スクリプトを柔軟に実行する必要がある。しかし, 先行研究ではこうしたスクリプトの柔軟な実行がどのようなプロセスでなされるのか明らかにされていない。そこで, 本研究ではスクリプト実行中の階層的目標表象の保持能力の発達と実行機能との関連を検討することを目的とした。こうした目的を, 幼児80名を対象に, 人形を幼稚園に行くための服に着替えさせる人形課題を用いて検討した。結果, スクリプトの柔軟な実行は, 階層的目標表象の保持能力の発達に依拠していることが示唆された。また, スクリプトの柔軟な実行と抑制能力が関連することも示された。

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Studies of management have examined how to manage multiple goals. Previous research (Finkelstein & Fishbach, 2010) showed that healthy eating made one hungrier. This study hypothesized that participants were hungrier when a health was not activated than when it was activated. It is expected that in such cases, shifting might be more likely to occur because progress had been perceived. Two experiments were conducted and their results were in line with this hypothesis. Participants reported being hungrier when their health were not activated than when these goals were activated. We consider the effect of activation on management and its implications for future research.

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人間の行為は，望ましい物理状態への変化を目指した行為と，望ましい精神状態への変化を目指した行為とに分けることが出来る．前者はこれまでに筆者らのモデルによって表現できることが確認されている．一方で，後者は看護師が患者の感情に配慮して看護行為を行うことからも分かるように看護分野において重要である．本研究では，看護行為を例題に，人間の行為表現のための物理的/精神的ゴールの統一的モデルを提案する．

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The proliferation of reports attributing biological function to oligosaccharide epitopes continues unabated. To fully appreciate their specific biological roles an improved accounting of carbohydrate structural details needs greater scrutiny and more judicious reporting. Unfortunately, a comprehensive strategy for carbohydrate sequencing is lacking. This brief report will outline three focused efforts to establish congruent strategies for carbohydrate sequencing, (i) analytical considerations that account for all aspects of small oligomer structure by MSn disassembly, (ii) database support using an ion fragment library and associated tools for high throughput analysis, and (iii) a concluding algorithm for defining oligosaccharide topology from MSn disassembly pathways. The data mining effort focuses on correlating the fragments of small oligomers to stereospecific glycan structures, an outcome attributed to a combination of metal ion adduction and analyte conformation. Product masses and ion intensities vary with inter-residue linkage, branching position, and monomer stereochemistry. This bottom-up approach to achieve full oligosaccharide and glycan characterization will be supplemented with an MSn fragment spectral library and associated tools. The library, identified as FragLib, was initiated with known standards and commercially available oligomers prepared as methylated derivatives. As a third component of this effort we introduce the operational details of an algorithm defined as the Oligosaccharide Subtree Constraint Algorithm (OSCAR) used to assign the topology (branching and linkage) of permethylated glycans using MSn data. OSCAR accepts multiple MSn ion fragmentation pathways and proposes topologies that are consistent with all input ions. OSCAR uses glycosidic cleavages to compute branching and, when available, cross-ring cleavages to compute interresidue linkage. Because the algorithm is de novo (and therefore not limited to previously-characterized glycans) and high-performance, they represent a step toward high-throughput glycan analysis.

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Technologies for creating a variety of microsensors, microactuators, and micromachines continue to be developed at a rapid rate. However, the capability for engineers to design these devices has been hampered by inadequate and inappropriate design tools. This paper identifies some of the critical issues facing the field, and presents a vision for the future.

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At present, the most commonly used satisficing method for multi-objective linear programming (MOLP) is the programming (GP) based method but this method does not always generate efficient solutions. Recently, an efficient GP-based method, which is called reference programming (RGP), has been proposed. However, it is limited to only a certain target point preference, which is too rigid. More flexible preferences such convex polyhedral preferences are preferred for many practical problems. In this research, a satisfactory effective linear coordination method for MOLP problems with convex polyhedral preference functions is proposed. The concept of the convex cone is used to formulate the convex polyhedral preference function and the existing lexicographic model of the reference point method (RPM) is integrated to ensure the efficiency of the solution of the problem. The formulated model can be solved by existing linear programming solvers and can find the satisfactory efficient solution. The convex polyhedral function enriches the existing preferences for efficient methods and increases the flexibility in designing preferences for decision makers.
In some situation, it is difficult for a decision maker to state a certain desirable level for each objective function. Applying fuzzy to capture the decision maker’s preferences has the advantage of allowing for vague aspirations, which can be considered as convex polyhedral preference functions. The satisfactory efficient linear coordination method can be applied to obtain an efficient solution, which is also close to the decision maker’s requirements.

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We prove PSPACE-completeness of all but one problem in a large space of pulling-block problems where the

is for the agent to reach a target destination. The problems are parameterized by whether pulling is optional, the number of blocks which can be pulled simultaneously, whether there are fixed blocks or thin walls, and whether there is gravity. We show NP-hardness for the remaining problem, Pull?-1FG (optional pulling, strength 1, fixed blocks, with gravity).

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The prime aim of this project was to determine the contents of sport industry textbooks. The academic field of sport industry comprises interdisciplinary areas such as sport management, sport engineering, sport medicine, sport law, sport history, sport environment, sport instruction theory, and others. A vital step in developing sport industry textbooks is the recognition that one is dealing with special products and a significant impact on various segments of the sport industry. The long-term of this project is to develop and complete a series of textbooks for sport industry studies. In order to correct the shortage of teaching materials at the college level, it is urgent to develop decent textbooks in various sub-discipline areas of the sport industry atudies. Thus, our middle-term is to publish an original textbook with innovative approach and to establish legitimate research methods in each subdiscipline area. It is important to realize that, in whatever segment of the sport industry people run their businesses, the most improtant asset in their organization is people. So our short-term is to develop an introductory textbook which is designed to motivate and nurture young students in becoming future professionals in the sport industry. As far as the contents of the textbook are concerned, there are five points proposed for meeting the short-term . These five points are as follow: (1) To provide optimistic yob prospective in the areas of the sport industry. (2) To help students perceive the wide range and different segments of sport businesses through various enterpreneur's examples. (3) To introduce various business strategies which help the sport industry develop its full potential. (4) To provide fundamental knowledge related to the sport industry. (5) To provide fundamental materials (information) related to the sport industry. The above mentioned points are based on social science perspectives. In the future, it will be important to discuss more viable contents of the textbooks from the perspectives of the natural sciences and liberal arts.

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Purpose:

-directed perfusion (GDP) refers to individualized -directed therapy using comprehensive monitoring and optimizing the delivery of oxygen during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This study aims to determine whether the intraoperative GDP protocol method has better outcomes compared to conventional methods.

Methods: We searched the PubMed, Central, and Scopus databases up to October 12, 2023. We primarily examined the GDP protocol in adult cardiac surgery, using CPB with oxygen delivery index (DO2I) and cardiac index (CI) as the main parameters.

Results: In all, 1128 participants from seven studies were included in our analysis. The results showed significant differences in the duration of intensive care unit (ICU) stays (p = 0.01), with a mean difference of −0.33 (−0.59 to 0.07), and hospital length of stay (LOS) (p = 0.0002), with a mean difference of −0.84 (−1.29 to −0.39). There was also a notable reduction in postoperative complications (p <0.00001), odds ratio (OR) of 0.43 (0.32–0.60). However, there was no significant decrease in mortality rate (p = 0.54), OR of 0.77 (0.34–1.77).

Conclusion: Postoperative acute kidney injury and ICU and hospital LOS are significantly reduced when GDP protocols with indicators of flow management, oxygen delivery index, and CI are used in intraoperative cardiac surgery using CPB.

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