To determine the diversity within hop, Humulus lupulus, species at the molecular level, the entire intergenic spacer (IGS) of 18S-26S rDNA in hop was sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the partial external transcribed spacer (ETS). In the IGS of the European cultivars, North American wild and Japanese wild , three types of subrepeats were identified and designated as A-, B- and C-type subrepeats, respectively. Their repetition and position were found to determine the IGS length and structural differences among them. Phylogenetic analysis using partial ETS with the related species, H. japonicus, as outgroup led to the following implications. The North American wild with a high alpha-acid content and disease resistance, which contribute to hop breeding, are genetically different from European cultivars, and genetic variation within North American wild was observed. Japanese wild , which have never been used for new cultivar development in the world, could be distinguished from both European and North American , suggesting that Japanese wild could be used as a new gene source for breeding.

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醸造の基本技術シリーズとして, 前回はビールの主な糖質原料となる大麦, 麦芽について解説をしていただいた。今回はビールのために栽培され,「ビールをビールたらしめている」といわれるホップについての解説をお願いした。

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In this study, we investigated the pharmacological effect of humulus lupulus () on gastric juice volume and acidity using a rat pylorus-ligated model. In an intraorally administered experiment, clearly increased gastric juice volume without affecting acidity. On the other hand, had no influence on gastric juice volume when it was intragastrically administered. A cholinergic agonist, carbachol, increased gastric juice volume without affecting acidity, whereas histamine increased gastric juice volume and acidity. The increase of gastric juice volume induced by carbachol was completely inhibited by atropine. On the other hand, atropine did not inhibit the increase in gastric juice volume induced by histamine. The increase in gastric juice volume induced by was completely inhibited by atropine. These results suggested that the increase in gastric juice volume induced by intraorally administered could be mediated by the cholinergic nervous system.

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Transmission characteristics of multi-hop wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11g) are degraded according to the number of due to the nature of multiple access control. To decrease the number of in the multi-hop network, a connecting node selection method according to the depth of hop is evaluated. To prevent packet congestion due to the flooding packet using the L3 routing method, L2 routing method using only data link layer information such as received power is also evaluated. The maximum number of , which indicates the minimum throughput and maximum response time in the multi-hop network, is effectively decreased even under the condition of high repeater-node density by using the number of together with the received power as the metrics, in comparison with the conventional metric of received power only.

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近年のICT進展に伴い、新たな課題に対してその都度適切な人材を組み合わせ効率的に対応しようとするネットワーク型組織が志向されている。だが、このような組織は部分最適によって組織のパフォーマンスに偏りが現れる他、全体戦略の統合的展開に困難が生じることがある。そこで、人材の組み合わせによって生じる効果を把握し、マネジメントする必要がある。 本研究では、企業組織内の社会ネットワークにおいて、三者閉包の概念を拡張させ、従業員間の人間関係の良し悪しが周辺従業員のコラボレーションへどのように影響するかを把握できる指標を提案する。そして、ネットワーク型組織を志向している企業において、RFIDシステムを用いてコラボレーションの実体を捉え、指標の有効性を検証し、ネットワーク型組織におけるマネジメント手法について理論的考察を行う。

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The profile and bioactivity of

(Humulus lupulus L.) essential oil, a complex natural product extracted from cones via steam distillation, depends on genetic and environmental factors, and may also depend on extraction process. We hypothesized that compound mixtures eluted sequentially and captured at different timeframes during the steam distillation process of whole hop cones would have differential chemical and bioactivity profiles. The essential oil was collected sequentially at 8 distillation time (DT) intervals: 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-30, 30-60, 60-120, 120-180, and 180-240 min. The control was a 4-h non-interrupted distillation. Nonlinear regression models described the DT and essential oil compounds relationship. Fractions yielded 0.035 to 0.313% essential oil, while control yielded 1.47%. The oil eluted during the first hour was 83.2%, 9.6% during the second hour, and only 7.2% during the second half of the distillation. Essential oil (EO) fractions had different chemical profile. Monoterpenes were eluted early, while sequiterpenes were eluted late. Myrcene and linalool were the highest in 0-2 min fraction, β-caryophyllene, β-copaene, β-farnesene, and α-humulene were highest in fractions from middle of distillation, whereas α- bergamotene, γ-muurolene, β- and α-selinene, γ- and δ-cadinene, caryophyllene oxide, humulne epoxide II, τ-cadinol, and 6-pentadecen-2-one were highest in 120-180 or 180-240 min fractions. The Gram-negative Escherichia coli was strongly inhibited by essential oil fractions from 2-5 min and 10-30 min, followed by oil fraction from 0-2 min. The strongest inhibition activity against Gram-negative Yersinia enterocolitica, and Gram-positive Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus subs. aureus was observed with the control essential oil. This is the first study to describe significant activity of essential oils against Trypanosoma brucei, a parasitic protozoan that causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in other animals). essential oil fractions or whole oil may be used as antimicrobial agents or for the development of new drugs.

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The divergence among hop cultivars, as well as wild (Humulus lupulus var. lupulus, neomexicanus and cordifolius) and related species (H.japonicus) was studied using the sequence difference of the partial rbcL fragment, the noncoding regions, the trnL intron and spacer between the trnL3' exon and trnF, of chloroplast DNA and the ITS2, one of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions. There were no differences within the varieties of H.lupulus and within H.japonicus. A few nucleotide substitutions were observed between the varieties of H.lupulus in the 1260 bp nucleotide sequence of rbcL or the 853 bp total of the noncoding regions of choroplast DNA. There were no nucleotide changes in the 232 bp ITS2, even though this region showed a higher substitution rate when H.lupulus and H.japonicus were compared. H.japonicus showed 13 substitutions in rbcL, 9 in the noncoding regions and 24 in the ITS2 region compared with H.lupulus var.lupulus. Synonymous substitution at tne 3rd codon position of rbcL enabled to estimate the divergence time of the two species at 3.74 million years ago. This study which revealed a low variability within H.lupulus suggests that variation, which could be utilized in hop breeding is limited.

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6-Isopentenylnaringenin 1, which has previously been synthesized by other workers, was isolated together with xanthohumol 2 and isoxanthohumol 3 from hard resins of (Humulus lupulus L.). The structures of 1 and sophoraflavanone B were examined; that of the latter previously reported as 6-isopentenylnaringenin, has been revised to 8-isopentenymaringenin. 1, 2 and 3 were found to have antifungal activities.

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Hypophosphatasia () is a heritable disorder characterized by defective skeletal mineralization, deficiency of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) activity and premature loss of deciduous teeth. In a previous study, we detected missense mutations in the TNSALP gene of a patient who inherited the F310L and the V365I mutation with severe periodontitis and childhood . Expression of the mutant V365I TNSALP gene using COS-1 cells demonstrated that the protein translated from the mutant had undetectable ALP activity. In the present study, we characterized another ALP enzyme translated from the mutant F310L and compared it with the ALP in the patient’s serum. The COS-1 cells transfected with the F310L and co-transfected with F310L and V365I (F310L/V365I) exhibited levels of 67% and 31%, respectively, with the enzymatic activity of the wild-type taken as 100%. In the thermostability test, TNSALPs in the COS-1 cells transfected with the mutant F310L or F310L/V365I were significantly more heat labile compared with that of the wild-type. Moreover, ALP from the patient’s serum was also more heat labile than normal ALP. These results suggest that the protein translated from the mutant F310L, in addition to the mutant V365I, may be responsible for the expression of symptoms of the childhood-type .

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腐植物質（HS）は，親水・疎水部位双方を有する両性物質で界面活性能を持つ．このようなHSの機能は，多環芳香族化合物，ポリ塩化ダイオキシン類，農薬など様々な疎水性有害有機物（）の土壌への吸着だけではなく可溶化のような移動・拡散にも関与する．HSは，このように相反する働きをするユニークな物質であるが，これらをで汚染された環境の修復に利用する試みがなされている．HSは，起源や生成環境により構造的特色が大きく異なる不定形であるがゆえに，に対するユニークなふるまいを示すと考えられる．しかし，このようなHSの不均一性は，環境技術へ応用する場合，どの程度の効果が期待できるのかを評価することを困難にする．本論文では，との相互作用にかかわるHSの機能解明に対するこれまでの研究を紹介するとともに，土壌浄化への活用に関する展望を議論する．

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Non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of bulk dc conductivity was observed in La_1/3-xLi_3xTaO₃ which are Li-ion conductors derived from A-site deficient perovskites. In order to discuss the non-Arrhenius conductivity, several parameters relevant to the Li ion dynamics were determined by impedance spectroscopy and ⁷Li NMR. The activation energies of the dc conductivity in the high and low temperature ranges were nearly equal to that of the reciprocal correlation time (f_NMR) obtained from NMR measurement and that of the crossover frequency (f_p) extracted from a power-law analysis of conductivity spectra, respectively. A change in the activation energy of the dc conductivity occurred in the vicinity of temperature where f_p is equal to f_NMR. Because f_p relates to correlated of mobile ions and f_NMR to non-correlated , our result supports Ngai's explanation which premises presence of a microscopic time.

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ビールの苦味強度の指標として苦味価（BU）が用いられる。苦味価はビールからのイソオクタン抽出物の吸光度を測定するという公定法によって測定される。測定された苦味価（BU）はビール中のイソα酸含有量（mg/L）を反映すると言われているが，本研究では，47.5 BUで39.9 mg/Lのイソα酸を含むビール，一方で49.9 BUでありながらわずか2.2 mg/Lのイソα酸しか含まないビールを作成している。本解説では大きく，（1）麦汁やビールの苦味価には，イソα酸以外に，非イソ化α酸，α酸の酸化劣化によって生じた極性化合物，および麦芽由来の極性成分が寄与すること，（2）α酸のイソ化は60℃付近で始まり，高温であるほどイソ化は早く進むこと，（3）非イソ化α酸は発酵中に消失し，このことが発酵工程中の苦味価の低下に影響すること，（4）劣化したホップを用いると，苦味価への酸化劣化物質の寄与率が大きくなり，同じ苦味価であっても苦味強度が弱くなる，ということを述べている。

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The experiment was carried out with 4 different field plots where the hop stump consists of every (a) 5 vines, (b) 3 vines, (b) 2 vines, and (d) 1 vines, and the elements of temperature, evaporation quantity, humidity, moisture of soil and the growth of were observed respectively for several times. So far as this experiment is concerned, it was concluded that the climatic condition which is suitable to growth, yield or quality of can not be expected by increasing the number of vinesraised, but is closely related to the number of vines to bring the favorable spacing.

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ウイルスフリーホップより,低分子RNAを抽出し,二次元ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(PAGE)で,ウイロイド様RNAを検出した。このRNAは,8M尿素変性条件下でのPAGEにおいて,ホップ矮化ウイロイド(HSVd)よりかなり速く泳動した。この低分子RNAに対し,既報のホップ潜在ウイロイド(HLVd)の塩基配列より設計した特異的プライマーを用い,逆転写-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)を行ったところ,HLVdの塩基配列から予想される長さのcDNAが増幅された。このRT-PCR産物より完全長HLVd・cDNAをクローニングし,その塩基配列を決定したところ,既報のHLVdと同一であった。また,ホップより全核酸を簡易抽出し,ドット・ブロット・ハイブリダイゼーションおよびRT-PCRによる遺伝子診断を行った。その結果,ある検体においては,ドット・ブロット・ハイブリダイゼーションでは,HLVdが検出されなかったものの,RT-PCR法で検出され,RT-PCR法は,HLVdの検出に有効で,ドット・ブロット・ハイブリダイゼーションより高感度である可能性が示された。また,検定した栽培ホップ全品種の元株からHLVdが検出されたが,それらの元株から茎頂培養によりウイルスフリー化された株のうち,2検体では,RT-PCR法でも,HLVdが検出されず,茎頂培養により,HLVdのフリー化が可能であることが示唆された。

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疎水性有機汚染物質 () の溶出試験に関してこれまでヨーロッパで行われてきた研究とダイオキシン類の溶出および移動性に関する研究を中心に, 溶出試験における影響因子との関連から整理した。また, それらの情報整理を踏まえて, 廃棄物およびその処理物, あるいはリサイクル製品の安全性評価を目的とした溶出試験について, 溶出試験器具の材質, 振とう時間と接触方法, 溶媒のマトリックス, 固液分離法, 温度, 固液比, 試料の粒径, 揮発や光分解性などの観点から, 現段階で妥当性のある溶出試験操作および今後検討すべき課題について述べた。最後に, 溶出試験における安全性の判断基準を設定する上で留意すべき点として, 想定する環境条件と規制レベル, 水質環境基準との整合性などの点から論述した。

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Cesium-137 concentration in Japanese beer was determined for the samples of 1959 through 1967. It was found that the level of this nuclide in beer depends on the fallout rate to a great extent and the peak value in beer appears about 1.5 years after the period of the highest rate of ¹³⁷Cs fallout.
The results on certain samples of beer, raw materials (malt, side materials and ) and the spent residues indicated that almost all ¹³⁷Cs and K contained in raw materials were transferred to beer during its manufacturing process.

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ホップは苦みと香りを与えビール醸造には欠かせないものである。ホップはどのように進化してきたのだろうか。これまで原産地等は不明であったが，著者は世界的なネットワークを使って多くの野生種を集め，遺伝子レベルで解析した。

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No appropriate answer to sewage sludge that has been generating increasingly is a serious problem recently. Carbonization technology that produces carbonization residue (char) and useful substances is one of the treatment methods of sewage sludge, and the carbonization residue generated could be substituted for covering soil and expected to reduce the leaching of hydrophobic organic pollutants () like PAHs and dioxins from landfill sites. To investigate the adsorption characteristics of carbonization residue to in the presence of dissolved humic matter (DHM), batch and continuous experiments are designed. In batch experiment, the adsorption characteristics are evaluated depending on contact time, pH of liquid, and DHM concentration. In especial, the change of functional group on carbonization residue would be determined. From the continuous experiment, adsorption characteristics of carbonization residue would be also investigated and the effect of DHM on the leaching of would be evaluated. As a result, this study could suggest the effectiveness of carbonization residue as covering soil in landfill sites.

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