In the Arakawa-Shiroku area (located in the City of Chichibu, Saitama Prefecture), there are old (a Shinto-based folk performing arts particular to the location), called "Shinmeishakagura". Because of the lack of documentation, the understanding of history is difficult. Yadenji Hamanaka (one of the successors of this performance tradition) holds much knowledge of the traditional past. This paper will explain the traditions and shed light on some interesting aspects of . Concerning the understanding of the successors, is known to get its influences from kabuki, and many successors of performance understood this. In the research of this paper, I clarify that contains a very complicated background of influences. This result leads us to the conclusion that there is a stratified structure in the successors' understandings of their art.

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In the Arakawa-Shiroku area (located in the City of Chichibu, Saitama prefecture), there is an old (local Shinto-based folk performing art), called "Shinmeisha-". Because of the lack of documentation, it is difficult to understand this history. "Sankanza", one of the repertoires, depicts a legend in which Jingiakogo conquered the ancient Korean peninsula (so-called "Sankan-seibatsu"). Interestingly, this musical program "Choren" includes a melody from the drum and fife corps from the late Edo period, for example, a melody in "Oranda-Gakutai" (from Chiba prefecture). In addition, under international influence after World War II, this program was reorganized by Hamanaka Yadenji, a mentor of the successors of this . In this paper, I would like to clarify the process of the development of Shinmeisha- in modern times through the analysis of "Sankanza".

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The purpose of this study is to clarify characteristics of the members of the

teams in Hiroshima and to explore their consciousness for the . A questionnaire survey was conducted to 165 members belonging to the 15 teams of the in Hiroshima in 2015.

The survey clarified diversification of the members and spatial expanding of their living area. Previously, only grown man who was eldest son of each household in the local community was able to be a member of the

team. But, in recent yeas, in order to ensure the members, not only them but also their younger brothers, wives, children and fans those are living both in and outside the local community join the teams. They continue practicing the and often appear on the events with the corporation of their family while balancing their works.

And these changes in their attributes, especially their age and residence, have led changes in their consciousness for the

. On the one hand, the elder members and those who lives in the municipality based by the team often think that their involvement in the is responsibility of the residents and that they have to protect and inherit authenticity of the . On the other hand, the younger members and those who lives outside the municipality based by the team regard the as a captivating traditional culture and they wish to promote the cultural taste for those who has not seen the .

These results imply that not only outsiders' gaze but also changes in the members' attributes and their consciousness can promote utilization of the

as a tourism resource. It is predicted that population of the communities and municipalities based by the teams of Hiroshima , especially number of the children, will decrease. Reduction of the population requires acquisition of new members living outside the communities and the request may bring further diversity and spatial expanding of livelihood of the members. These changes in the attributes will bring the change in their consciousness for the and facilitate further utilization of Hiroshima as a tourism resource.

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Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma -2 cells overexpress c-myc oncogene, which has been implicated in both cell proliferation and apoptosis. To gain an insight into the molecular mechanism of AFB₁ hepatocarcinogenesis, -2 cell death induced by an anticancer agent, sodium 5, 6-benzylideneascorbate (SBA), was studied. The dying cells showed typical characteristics of apoptosis such as nuclear fragmentation, chromosomal condensation and DNA fragmentation by internucleosomal cleavage. The apoptotic death was inhibited by the addition of cycloheximide (CHX), suggesting the requirement for new protein synthesis. However, the induction of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-dependent endonuclease activities and the alteration of c-myc gene expression in SBA-induced apoptosis were hardly detected. In addition, SBA-induced apoptosis was markedly suppressed by dexamethasone (DEX), insulin and P3 fraction, which was separated from the conditioned medium of -2 cells (K2CM) by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography and could stimulate -2 cell growth. P3 fraction also inhibited DNA fragmentation of -2 cells induced by serum deprivation. These results suggest that SBA induces apoptosis through the interference with the function of growth/survival factors acting in an autocrine and/or a paracrine mechanism or their signal transduction pathways. It is also possible that growth/survival factors play a critical role in the multistep hepatocarcinogenesis of AFB₁ together with the deregulated expression of c-myc oncogene.

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Recently we have demonstrated that the growth of -2 cells established from aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁)-induced rat hepatoma was markedly stimulated by glucocorticoids (GCs). To investigate a possible role of GCs in the growth of -2 cells, we studied the effect of conditioned medium (CM) prepared from -2 cells on the neuronal differentiation of pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. -2 cell-CM caused in PC12 cells a number of physiological changes which mimic the nonreplicating sympathetic neuron-like cells, including induction of neurite extension and acetylcholinesterase activity. The neuronal differentiation factor(s) in CM were inactivated by the treatments of trypsin, acetic acid, dithiothreitol and heat. The molecular weights of factor(s) ranged from 6, 000 to 14, 000 on the basis of experiments using various molecular weight cutoff dialysis tubing and gel filtration.

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As observed previously in the conditioned medium (CM) of -2 cells, CM prepared from -1 cells, the another cell line of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-induced hepatoma, also contains very active neuronal differentiation factor(s) which convert PC12 cells to the sympathetic neuron-like cells. The factor(s) detected in -1 cell-CM are inactivated by heat, trypsin, acetic acid and dithiothreitol. Molecular weights of the factor (s) are ranging from 6, 000 to 14, 000 Da. These facts indicate that the factor(s) detected in -1 cell-CM are very similar or identical to those of -2 cells. In contrast, CM obtained from H4-II-E cells, one of the minimal deviation rat hepatomas, shows only slight activity for the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, although the cell extract contains the very active factor(s) as detected in those of AFB₁-induced hepatomas. The synthetic activities of the factor(s) in Balb/3T3, 3Y1, IMR-32 and HeLa cells are negligible except for NRK cells. The present data strongly suggest that the neuronal differentiation factor(s) are constitu-tively produced in rat hepatoma cells involving the minimal deviation H4-II-E cells, and secreted extracellularly in the AFBI-induced hepatoma cell lines.

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To gain an insight into the growth regulation of -2 cells derived from aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma by glucocorticoid (GC), we analyzed the growth factors in the conditioned medium of -2 cells (K2-CM). -2 cells secrete at least three kinds of growth factors including a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-like factor, a fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-like factor and an unknown inhibitory factor. Moreover, the inhibitory activity in K2-CM prepared in the presence of dexamethasone (DEX) tends to be lower than in that obtained in the absence of DEX. From these data, it is highly possible that GC-dependent growth of -2 cells is regulated through these stimulatory and inhibitory factors in an autocrine and/or a paracrine mechanism.

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アフラトキシンB₁(AFB₁)は強い肝毒性とともに発癌性を有しており,諸種実験動物に肝癌を引き起こすことが明かにされている.また,近年AFB₁の高汚染地域である東南アジアやアフリカにおいてAFB₁汚染食品の摂取量とヒト肝細胞癌(HCC)の発生頻度の間には明らかな相関性が認められること,およびこれら地域のHCCで癌抑制遺伝子P53の249番目のコドンAGG(Arg)がAGT(Ser)に50%もの高率で変異していることが報告されている.これらのことより,AFB₁はB型肝炎ウイルスとともにヒト肝癌発生の原因物質の一つとして考えられている.しかし,AFB₁の詳細な発癌メカニズムに関しては不明な点が多い.そこで我々はAFB₁誘発ラット肝癌より2種類の細胞株(-1と-2)を樹立し,これら細胞の諸性質を解析する過程で神経分化誘導因子が産生されていることを見出した.本論文では-1と-2細胞の特性とこれらの細胞が産生する神経分化誘導因子について概説する.

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How did the Japanese common people come to terms with the changes engendered by modernity? This article examines this question through the lens of

, a folk performing art that has been passed down within village communities since the late medieval period and which was performed at matsuri (village festivals), one of the few outlets that people had from their lives of toil. Specifically, I examine the case of Iwami , a form that has been preserved in the western part of Shimane prefecture.

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Aspergillus flavusなどによって生産されるAFB₁は,種々の実験動物に肝癌を誘発することが知られている.また,東南アジアやアフリカにおいて, AFB₁汚染食品の摂取量と肝癌発生率との間には統計的に強い相関関係があることが報告されており,肝炎ウイルスとともに, AFB₁はヒト肝癌発生の一因であると考えられている. 我々はAFB₁誘発ラット肝癌においてc-mycとc-Ha-ras癌遺伝子の発現が著しく増加していることを明らかにした.また, McMahonらやSinhaらもAFB₁によってc-ras癌遺伝子ファミリーに点突然変異がひき起され,活性化されることを報告している.さらに,我々はラット肝癌細胞であるH4-II-E細胞を用いた実験より, AFB₁がGCレセプターに作用し,チロシントランスアミナーゼの誘導を転写段階で阻害することを明らかにした. 今回,AFB₁が雄性ラット肝に選択的に癌を誘発することに着目し,AFB₁誘発ラット肝癌より樹立した-2細胞の増殖に対する性ステロイドホルモン,GCホルモンおよび細胞の分化誘導剤の作用を検討した.

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In vitro culture cell line, -1, was established from a rat hepatocellular carcinoma induced by aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). When the cells at passage 15 were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum in collagencoated dishes, the population doubling time and saturation density were 13.2 hr and 1.9×10⁵ cells/cm², respectively. The established cells formed colonies in soft agar.We examined the expression of proto-oncogenes in two liver tumors induced by AFBI and -1 cell. Both c-myc and c-Ha-ras expressions were activated at high levels in both tumors and -1 cells.

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Two hepatoma cell lines designated -1 and -2 were established from rat hepatocellular carcinomas induced by aflatoxin B₁, and have been propagated for over two years. Both cell lines grew as monolayered sheets with a population doubling time of about 20 h. Chromosome counts of -1 cells ranged from 34 to 45 with a modal number of 40, while that of -2 cells ranged widely from 40 to 130 with a modal number of 65. Subcutaneous inoculation of cultured cells of both these lines into unde mice resulted in tumor formation. The histopathological appearances of the induced tumors were similar to those of the original tumors. -1 and -2 cell lines express at least two tumor markers, glutathione-S-transferase P and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; the level of c-myc messenger ribonucleic acid was also highly elevated.

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A lively collaboration between dance performances and video images has been seen in recent years . Such collaboration includes close cooperation between dancers and video artists and projection of images generated automatically in response to a dance. From the latter of these two perspectives , the authors studied video projection intended to augment the appeal of a dance performance. This paper reports on knowledge obtained from use of image projections for Shirosawa the traditional regional performance at the Tokutan Castle Spring Festival in Yahaba, Iwate with the aim at cultural promotion of local performing art s and evaluation s of the image projection by the event organizer and the performer.

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　演劇の世界では、類似する精神史的、文化史的条件によって諸国民の間に、近い親縁の現象が實現したように思われる。遠く隔たった大陸で、時代も違っており、その間に何等直接の接触がなかった害であるけれども、いくつかの国民は判然と一致した演劇上の形態と人物を発展させて来た。

　この意味において、本論文では数世紀にわたる歴史をもち、神楽(かぐら)劇の形をとって今なお生きつづけている民俗喜劇の人物と、ヨーロッパの古い謝肉祭(カーニバル)風習の人物およびもっと歴史の新しいコメディア・デラルテ(一六世紀に栄えたイタリア劇の即興茶番)の人物とが比較される。この比較の記述の中心点にあるのは、日本の四つの面とその人物、すなわち、「獅子」「ひょっとこ」、「おかめ」、「天狗」、これらの神話的由来、祭祀の行事及び演劇上の型の規定である。

　日本の演劇史もまた祭りがすべての戯曲の源泉であるという命題を実証している。春季祭礼、五穀豊穣祈念祭の祭式と結びついて、第一に獅子の姿が登場する、この獅子は獅子踊や神道(しんとう)の行列の形で、冬の悪魔を祓(はら)うものとしての機能をもつが、この機能はヨーロッパ中世の謝肉祭行進のシェンバールトロイファー(ひげのある面をつけ謝肉祭に行進する人物)に似ている。——神楽のある種類ではその舞台に、征服された野獣のグロテスクで滑稽な姿としてこの獅子は狩獬呪術の祭式に登場した。この祭式こそ獅子踊または鹿踊の基礎になっている。すべての時代のすべての国民にとって、春の祭式進行の在り方に、滑稽なものや喜劇の源泉が存するのである。

　日本版ハルレキン(イタリア喜劇の道化)を演ずるものが神楽の「ひょっとこ」である。ヨーロッパの道化は、ヴォーダン神(古代ゲルマンの最高神)を中心とするゲルマンの神話や祭式から発生したのであった。ライン河流域における男衆同盟の男根の儀式において、魔王の軍勢の指揮者はヘルレキンと呼ばれていた。これが後にはキリスト教神秘劇の悪魔となり、コメディア・デラルテのアルレッキノとなった。面と服装の要素のいくつかは、神楽の伝統と、コメディア・デラルテの伝統との外観上の類似を示している。「ひょっとこ」が最も古い時代の儀式神楽のなかでのサイノオ(細男)の役から由来していることは、演劇論的に証明された。セイノウ(青農)人形は、八幡祭祀において神に供えられたが、日本演劇における「もどき」のその最初の形態を引き立たせた。しかしながら、「ひよっとこ」が元来「青農」として、また「細男」として一体どの神様を代表していたか、というこの問題が今や一つの中心問題となるのである。

　「ひよっとこ」の面と名前から、かまどの火の神、すなわち、日本書紀にその名が挙げられた「かまの神」との直接の関係が窺い知られる。しかし芝居の中では、我々はなかんずく「おかめ」の相手役としての「ひよっとこ」に出会う。「おかめ」なる人物は、太陽の女神(天照大神)を中心とする神話にその起源が求めらるべきである。すなわち踊るアマノウズメに求められるべきである。「おかめ」の面とエロティックな踊りは、祭式的にはウズメノミコトの、幸福をもたらし、豊穣を呼び出す裸踊りを表現している。多くの国民の場合に、裸を露出することは謝肉祭風習として、また愛の呪術として行事のなかに組み入れられている。

　ウズメノミコトの本来の神話上の、また祭式上の相手役はサルダヒコである。あの天上の道案内人である。このサルダヒコの前で、ウズメノミコトは、日本書紀によれば、二度目に裸を露呈した。サルダヒコは人によく知られた姿(人物)としては「天狗」を演ずる。「天狗」の面は男根の象徴となった。民衆の中には、好色の山の妖怪「天狗」の表象が今なお生きており、神楽や祭りにおいては、今日でもなお我々は、天狗の、男根の魔物と神をしい行列の姿とのグロテスクな、そして滑稽な混合に出会う。

　「ひよっとこ」は、サルダヒコの神の「もどき」姿を表現しているのかも知れない。何故なら彼は代役として舞台上で「おかめ」(ウズメノミコ卜)の滑稽でエロティックな相手役となったからである。「ひょっとこ」(名は火男から来たといわれ、面は火を吹く姿を表わす)の名と面に窺われる火との関係はヤマビト(山人)としての彼の由来から恐らく発しているのであろう。山人すなわち山の住民はしばしば青農人形を運んで行く人であった。そして祭の儀式の火の世話を見なければならなかった。これらの人形の一つとしてサルダヒコはおそらく八幡の神に捧げられたものであろう。その人形を運んだ一人の山人は、神楽の舞台の前で庭火の世話を見なければならなかったが、これが「サイノオ」(細男)となり、後に「ひょっとこ」として日本の民俗芸能の不滅の「もどき」姿になった。——「ひょっとこ」という滑稽な人物の由来についての、この新しい仮説的理論は本論文中に特に強調している所である。本論文を書くに当っては我々はなかんずく、日本の純粋な祭りを親しく見聞したその体験に負う所が多い。(福田英男訳)

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In a three dimensional v ision, as for the picture exhibited by a monitor or a screen, size and the aspect ratio of the images are usually fixed. However, we think that scenes can be visually emphasized more by changing the presentation position of an image, i.e., the position of a screen, or a viewing angle. In this research, we examined the displaying method that Pseudo screen is placed in the S tereoscopic 3D (S3D) space. Pseudo screen induce changing the viewing distance artificially. A nd pseudo screen itself displays S3D images . We verified whether the scene would be emphasized, in other words , the sense of “watching it The prior study or displaying method about previously described are uncommon. As a first step, we evaluated visual pattern of the pseudo screen and surr ounding by the impression evaluation experiment for students. At the second step, we displayed the visual stimulus, in which the position of pseudo screen changes with the field of view of shots. These shots constituted a scene as montage. In the examinati on, we verified whether the stimulus caused change of viewing distance, emphasis of the scene, and is recognized as montage. Regarding the pattern evaluation, the images that wireframe or plane is extended from edge of the pseudo screen are suitable for th e display method. And, in the scene display examination, the shots constructed simple wireframe or plane are evaluated. Most participants recognized that the position of the screen is changed, and “watching it nearby”. As a result, we considered that chang ing viewing distance caused by changing position of pseudo screen is effective for emphasis of the scene.

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“Iwami-” is the traditional dance arts in the western Iwami district of Shimane. It is dance performance about many topics “The Izumo myth”. It is special dance with story characteristics and a dynamic movement. The crisis of the tradition by the local depopulation has become a serious problem these days. And young children tend to keep away from a physical science. Therefore we suggest “Iwami- robot performance contest” in this study. This contest is that performance groups of handmade robots compete on the basis of the theme of the Iwami-. In this way we can let young children show an interest in local traditional arts and technology through manufacturing.

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