In the neonatal and postnatal development of rat TMJ, tenascin-C and -X were detected in the muscle, bone matrix, connective tissue around the bone, and blood vessel of rats at E18 (18-days old embryo), 0-, and 5-days postnatal. The reaction of tenascin-X was also found in the connective tissue around the mandibular condyle. The mRNA of tenascin-C (600 bp) and -X (588 bp) was also detected in the developmental muscle with the level of tenascin-C mRNA moderately decreased during development. Therefore, tenascin-C and -X may have different effects on the connective tissue duimg development of TMJ.

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In the development of the human mandible, the process of bone calcification, distribution and expression of tenascin-C and -X in the mental symphyseal region are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of these extracellular matrices in the connective tissue around calcified tissues located on the mental symphyseal region of the human fetus during development through histological and radiographical studies.
The radiographic density increased from 16 weeks to 24 weeks gestation in all examined regions; in contrast, the diameter of muscle fiber in the suprahyoid muscles (digastric anterior and geniohyoid muscles) inserted into the inner mental symphyseal region increased from 24 weeks gestation. The extracellular matrices (tenascin) were shown to have a different distribution in the mental symphyseal region of the human fetus at each stage. These different distributions of tenascin-C and -X were found around the epithelium and the endomysium of the mental symphyseal region, and affect the specific formation of the mandible during ossification with hyoid muscle development in human fetus.

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We quantitatively examined the distribution of these differences in extracellular matrices (collagen types I, III, and fibronectin) and elastic fibers under confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron scanning microscopy in terms of their contribution to the mechanics of the TMJ during development and in adults. Elastic fibers were found in the anterior and posterior bands in adults aged 40 years, and a few elastic fibers in the anterior band of the disk in adults aged 80 to 90 years. The extracellular matrix contents of the TMJ disk are shown in various detected levels in the anterior, intermediate, posterior bands of TMJ disk. During development, collagen fibers are arranged in a complex fashion from 28 weeks' gestation. These ultrastructures of the embryonic TMJ are resembled to that of adults aged the 40 s, however the difference in extracellular matrix distribution found in embryonic stages and adults. They might reflect the differences in function between mastication and sucking or the changes in shape and form as results of functional disorders of the TMJ.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fluoride levels similar to those reported for saliva from low fluoridated and high fluoridated water areas on the demineralization of human permanent enamel. An adaptation of the method described by Robinson et al. was used. Sections of sound enamel were immersed in a vial containing demineralizing solution [2.0 mM Ca(NO₃)₂, 1.2 mM KHPO₄ in 50 mM acetic acid, pH 4.8] for 1 hour. The demineralizing solution contained 0, 0.02 or 0.05 ppm fluoride, added as NaF was prepared. Twenty microliters aliquots were taken from the demineralizing solution at the time point up to 1 hour, with a sampling frequency bias towards the early time point. The phosphate content of the removed sample was determined by colorimetry. When the mineral loss curves for fluoridated and non-fluoridated demineralizing solutions were compared, there were significant differences between both groups. There was a decrease in the net mineral loss when fluoride was used. This result suggested that salivary fluoride levels of 0.02 ppm and 0.05 ppm had a protective effect against demineralization.

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見かけのCl-拡散係数の評価方法として、文献調査、屋外暴露試験、塩水浸漬試験の3つの方法を対象として検証した。その結果、初期給水速度、透湿量から見かけのCl-拡散係数を推定できる可能性があること、また、屋外暴露試験体から求めた見かけのCl-拡散係数は劣化の影響を考慮する必要があることが分かった。RC造の建築物の仕上塗材は、躯体保護効果があることがしられているが、その中で遮塩性について明らかでない点が多い。仕上塗材の遮塩性は、見かけのCl-拡散係数による評価が一般的だが、その評価方法が確立されていない。そこで本研究では、仕上塗材を対象として、見かけのCl-拡散係数の評価方法を検討することを目的としている。みかけのCl-拡散係数の評価方法として、文献調査、屋外暴露試験、塩水浸漬試験の3つの方法を対象として検証した。その結果、初期吸水速度、透湿量からみかけのCl-拡散係数を推定できる可能性があること、また、屋外暴露試験体から求めた見かけのCl-拡散係数は劣化の影響を考慮する必要があることが分かった。

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We investigated the mechanism of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) loss from solution to the Ethylene-vinylacetate (EVA) copolymer container. When the parenteral injection diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution was stored in the EVA container, the ISDN concentration was reduced to 92.1% in 24 h. A linear relation was observed between the amount of ISDN sorbed to the EVA membrane and the equilibrium concentration of the diluted solution within the 5-200μg/ml range. The results suggest that the ISDN loss from the solution occurred through the mechanism of partition and diffusion to the EVA membrane.

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Immunohistochemical staining of E-cadherin and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) were performed on paraffin-embedded blocks from needle biopsy specimens of prostate cancer. Specimens were obtained from 20 patients (mean age : 72.9 years, range : 65-94 years) who underwent prostate needle biopsy under transrectal ultrasound guide in 1998. Prostate cancer was suspected in patients when a high serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was observed and suspicious findings from a digital transrectal examination (DRE) or transrectal prostate ultrasonograph (TRUS) were obtained. The immunohistochemical staining results were compared with the Gleason score and clinical stage of the disease. Although a high level of expression of E-cadherin was observed in all patients with prostatic hypertrophy or prostatitis, a reduction in E-cadherin expression was seen with an increase in Gleason score and clinical stage of the disease, indicating a correlation of E-cadherin expression with both parameters. Non-cancerous epithelial cells had very high TP expression levels, while cancer tissue demonstrated a metachromatic pattern. There was considerable heterogeneity in the topographic distribution of TP expression, indicating that there was no significant correlation with either the Gleason score or clinical stage. There was no evidence of a common expression pattern between E-cadherin and TP. TP was highly expressed in stroma, irrespective of the differentiated state of the cancer, this resulted in inconsistent staining, while E-cadherin showed expression levels that correlated with the Gleason score. These findings indicate that TP expression level is not suitable to use as a single indicator of malignancy in prostate cancer. E-cadherin may be considered to be a marker of malignant phenotype in prostate cancer due to the presence of a significant correlation of expression levels with the Gleason score and clinical stage of disease. Moreover, immunostaining proved to be feasible using stored paraffin-embedded blocks. However based on the results of the present study, it could not be said that E-cadherin has a greater diagnostic value in the prediction of prognosis than the Gleason score.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet eine Untersuchung der semantischen Struktur der got. Modalverben binauhan^*, gadaursan, leisan^*, magan^*, munan, ogan^*, skulan^*, paurban^*, wiljan und witan. Diese Verben sind von anderen abzugrenzen durch folgende dreifache Besonderheit:
1. Die morphologische Besonderheit:
Alle außer wiljan sind sogenannte Perfekto-Präsentien. Ihre präsentische Form hat sich aus dem indogermanischen Perfekt entwickelt.
Bei wiljan wird der Optativ als Indikativ Präsens gebraucht.
2. Die syntaktische Besonderheit:
Die got. Modalverben schließen den Infinitiv ohne du an. Und dabei sind das grammatische Subjekt des Modalverbs und das semantische Subjekt des Infinitivs dasselbe.
3. Die semantische Besonderheit:
Durch die Modalverben kommt die Modalität zum Ausdruck. Man muß aber z.B. in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache zwei verschiedene Modalitäten streng unterscheiden: die objektive und die subjektive. Bei der ersteren handelt es sich um die Art des Verhältnisses des Satzsubjekts zur Realisierung des im Infinitiv ausgedrückten Prozesses. Dagegen geht es bei der letzteren um des Sprechers Verantwortung und Grund für den Grad der Glaubwürdigkeit der von ihm mitgeteilten Information.
Im Gotischen kann durch die Modalverben nur die objektive Modalität ausgedrückt werden. So ist das got. Wortfeld im Sinnbezirk der objektiven Modalität folgendermaßen gegliedert oder konstruiert:
Nach dieser Gliederung kann man die semantischen Merkmale jedes Modalverbs so-in eckigen Klammern-beschreiben: ogan^* [objektive Modalität, negativ, zurückweichend, relativ, Furcht]
Hier realisiert das Subjekt den im Infinitiv ausgedrückten Prozeß wegen einer fürchterlichen oder gefährlichen Situation nicht. Mark. 9, 32 ohtedun ina fraihnan _"Sie fürchteten sich, ihn zu fragen.“ wilan [objektive Modalität, positiv, intentional, absolut/relativ, Wille/Wunsch]
Man kann einen Willen oder Wunsch sowohl absolut und autonom als auch relativ und kausal haben.
Luk. 1, 62 gabandwidedun pan attin is, pata hwaiwa wildedi haitan ina _"Sie winkten nun seinem Vater, wie er ihn nennen wolle.“ (absolut)
1. Tim. 5, 11 pan auk gairnidedeina wipra Xristu, liugan wileina _"Denn wenn sie wider Christus geil würden, möchten sie heiraten.“ (relativ) munan [objektive Modalität, positiv, intentional, absolut/relativ, Meinung]
2. Kor. 10, 2 man gadaursan ana sumans pans munandans uns swe bi

leika

gaggandans _"Ich gedenke gegen gewisse Leute mutig zu sein, die von uns meinen, wir gingen nach dem Fleisch.“ (absolut)gadaursan [objektive Modalität, positiv, intentional, relativ, Mut]
Mut entsteht in einer fürchterlichen oder gefährlichen Situation. Mark. 12, 34 ainshun panaseips ni gadaursta ina fraihnan _"Niemand wagte mehr, ihn zu fragen.“
magan^*1 [objektive Modalität, positiv, möglich, absolut, Fähigkeit] Luk. 3, 8 mag gup us stainam paim urraisjan barna Abrahama _"Gott vermag aus diesen Steinen dem Abraham Kinder zu erwecken.“
witan, leisan^* [objektive Modalität, positiv, möglich, absolut, Wissen]
1. Thes. 4, 4 ei witi hwarjizuh izwara gastaldan sein kas in weihipai jah sweripai _"Jeder von euch möge wissen, sein Gefäß in Heiligkeit und Ehre zu besitzen.“
Phil. 4, 12 lais jah haunjan mik _"Ich weiß auch mich zu erniedrigen.“ magan^*2 [objektive Modalität, positiv, möglich, relativ, Hindernislosigkeit]
Besonders bei einem positiven Satz mit

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A derivative of sulfonylurea (SU) that mimicks glibenclamide in chemical structure was synthesized and incorporated into a water-soluble polymeric backbone as a biospecific polymer for stimulating insulin secretion. In this study, a backbone polymer fluorescence-labeled with rodamine-B isothiocyanate was found to be strongly adsorbed onto MIN6 cells, probably due to its specific interaction mediated by SU receptors on the cell membrane. The intensity of fluorescence on the cells was significantly increased by increasing the incubation time and polymer concentration. To verify the specific interaction between the SU (K⁺ channel closer)-incorporated copolymer and MIN 6 cells, the cells were pretreated with diazoxide, an agonist of the ATP-sensitive K⁺ channel (K⁺ channel opener), before adding the polymer to the cell culture medium. This treatment suppressed the interaction between SU and MIN 6 cells. A confocal laser microscopic study confirmed this effect. The results of this study provide evidence that SU-incorporated copolymer stimulates insulin secretion through the specific interactions of SU moieties in the polymer with MIN 6 cells.

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The author's original object was to photograph all shallow cavities of the body, but for the convenience sake, the oral cavity was chosen for the present study.
The routine method now in general use is to approximate a camera close to the mouth. But both the camera and light source are kept outside the mouth, and a mirror is used to reflect the hidden part of the tooth. It is impossible by this method to photograph the part which can not be seen by the naked eye, and the picture taken by this method has not so much practical value unless it is unexceptionally clear.
To remove defects which are found in all the hitherto used methods, the author devised a miniature finger-shaped camera which is very convenient for oral photography. It is 24 cm long, 13 cm and 8.8 cm in inner and outer diameters, respectively. The light source consists of the two tiny electric bulbs of A. C. 100 V and 37 V, respectively (one is supplementary). The film is 6 mm wide and 150 mm long. This eamera can directly be placed into the mouth, and pictures taken with this are highly satisfactory.
The function of this camera has its limitation due to the miniature shape, but all the possible improvements seem to have been made within this limitation.
Also the author devised another type with different construction and function. This is composed of a 35 mm -type camera which is kept outside the mouth, and an endoscope-like attachment provided with a prism and flash lamp which is placed into the mouth to take the inner view. The attachment is adjusted to the site to be photographed directly by the eye_ Thanks to the completion of this method, all the teeth, various states of oral mucous membrane can be observed exactly through the photograph. Also any body cavity in which the attachment can be inserted can be photographed. Further, it is easy to take color photograph.
Consequently it has become possible to make diagnosis, to trace the course of illness and to know the effect of therapy more exactly than before.
Pictures taken with this camera can provide objective data for study and useful materials for education.

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Cold ischemia-warm reperfusion injury of liver grafts has been investigated thoroughly, but its underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that autophagy is involved not only during cold preservation but also during warm reperfusion following transplantation. Immunohistochemistry using an antibody against LC3, a microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 and a marker of autophagosomes, showed dot-like weak staining in hepatocytes of rat liver grafts during cold preservation. Since University of Wisconsin solution for graft preservation lacks amino acids, the induction of autophagy in hepatocytes was similar to that under starvation conditions. Intense immunopositive punctate structures were detected abundantly in the hepatocytes 30min after the beginning of reperfusion. LC3-positive granules were often co-localized in ED2-positive Kupffer cells at 60min of the reperfusion phase. The molecular form of LC3 was mainly LC3-II, a membrane-bound form, during reperfusion, especially at 30min of the phase. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated numerous vacuolar structures in hepatocytes at 30min of the reperfusion period, while some hepatocytes with such vacuolar structures were present in the sinusoidal lumen. At the late stage of the reperfusion period, Kupffer cells contained phagocytosed cells that possessed numerous autophagic vacuoles/autolysosomes and nuclei with condensed chromatin. Our results showing the presence of autophagic vacuoles/autolysosomes in hepatocytes of liver grafts after the start of reperfusion suggest that warm reperfusion acted as a stress stimulus to hepatocytes. Moreover, the stress response of hepatocytes may be involved in their degeneration process.

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A SU derivative, mimicking glibenclamide in chemical structure, was synthesized to incorporate it into a water-soluble polymeric backbone as a biospecific and stimulating polymer for insulin secretion. The ability of insulin secretion was examined with different glucose concentrations (3.3 and 11.6mM). Although the vinylated SU did not exhibit significant activity compared to the control, the SU-incorporated copolymer could enhance insulin secretion as much as or more than glibenclamide did. In this study, a polymer fluorescence-labeled with rodamine-B isothiocyanate was used to visualize the interactions and we found that the labeled polymer was strongly absorbed to rat islets, probably due to its specific interaction mediated by SU receptors on the cell membrane. To verify the specific interaction between the SU (K⁺ channel closer)-incorporated copolymer and rat islets, cells were pretreated with diazoxide, an agonist of ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels (K⁺ channel opener), before adding the incorporated polymer to the cell culture medium. This treatment suppressed the action of SUs on rat islets. A confocal laser microscopic study further confirmed this interaction. The results of this study provided evidence that the SU-incorporated copolymer stimulates insulin secretion through specific interactions of SU moieties in the polymer with rat islets.

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中心前回に存在する境界明瞭な神経節膠腫が原因となって痙攣発作にて発症した15歳女性に対して,術前機能マッピングを行った結果,腫瘍は下肢運動野を後方へ圧排偏位し,下降する錐体路を後方から外側に圧排して存在することが予想された.術中機能マッピングを行い,ニューロナビゲーションシステムを併用して腫瘍摘出を行った.中心前回の前半分を直接電気刺激しても下肢の運動誘発を認めず,この領域を除去して腫瘍全摘出を行うことが可能であった.手指の領域よりも内側上方の中心前回に存在しても,前方から発生し中心溝を後方に圧排するように膨張性に増大した神経膠腫であれば,永続的な麻痺症状のない摘出の可能性が示唆される.

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S19リボソーム蛋白(RP S19)とC5aレセプター蛋白の生物学的緊密性を推察するために、染色体上のRP S19遺伝子座とC5aレセプター遺伝子座間の遠近性の観察を試みた。モルモット分裂期前中期リンパ球を蛍光in situ hybridization (FISH)法を用いて解析したところ、RP S19遺伝子とC5aレセプターの遺伝子は、同一染色体上に、しかも極めて近接した位置にあることが確認され、RP S19分子とC5aレセプター分子の緊密な相互関係が支持された。

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界面活性剤が水溶液中で形成する会合体のナノ構造は，クライオ電子顕微鏡（cryo-TEM）によって観察することができる．本稿では，分子内に2本のフッ化炭素鎖を有するフッ化炭素系ジェミニ型，フッ化炭素と炭化水素の異種の疎水鎖を有するハイブリッドジェミニ型，3本のアルキル鎖を有するトリメリック型の3つのタイプの特異な構造をもつ界面活性剤について，cryo-TEMによる会合体のナノ構造を紹介する．これらの界面活性剤の会合体の構造はアルキル鎖長，連結鎖長および界面活性剤の濃度によって異なり，フッ化炭素系ジェミニ型界面活性剤では多角形ベシクル，フッ化炭素―炭化水素系ハイブリッドジェミニ型界面活性剤では600～800 nmの多重層ベシクルを形成するなど，従来型の界面活性剤では認められないユニークな会合体特性を示す．

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This paper will shed some light on the current state of discussion of academic achievement in Japan and the issues associated with it. It will summarize the controversy regarding the significance of reading, writing, and arithmetic (3Rs); the relationship between mastery and inquiry; and the importance assigned to desire and attitude, while at the same time examining the image of academic achievement in the March 2008 reform of the National Courses of Study (NCS). Two camps have emerged regarding the 3Rs: the first sees the 3Rs as simple tools, while the second believes in establishing a conceptual understanding of the 3Rs as a foundation. The 2008 Revision of the NCS was influenced by both camps; however, effectively fostering literacy will require an approach that emphasizes the ideas of the latter. The controversy over the relationship between mastery and inquiry centers on the Period for Integrated Study (PFIS). The 2008 Revision of the NCS calls for the mastery and application of knowledge in subject classes, with inquiry during the PFIS. It calls for the development and use of performance tasks in the curriculum, with a view to achieving this framework. There are two conflicting views of desire and attitude: one claims that these support cognitive development, and the other claims that these develop along with cognitive development. The 2008 Revision of the NCS favors the former view, and threatens to pass on the responsibility for failure in academic achievement to children and their families. It is probably more appropriate to view desire and attitude as long-term goals that are nurtured through the overall curriculum. In order to realize these visions, it will be meaningful to learn the theory of Understanding by Design, advocated by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe.

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運動領野周辺の神経膠腫の予後を改善するためには, 機能温存を図ったうえでの可及的摘出術が必要である.術前にmagnetic resonance imaging(MRI)とsurface anatomy scanに静脈の情報を融合した画像による解剖学的マッピングと, 脳磁図, 機能的MRI, MRI拡散強調画像による機能的マッピングを行う.全麻下に筋電図モニタリングを行い, 皮質および皮質下電気刺激による運動機能マッピングを行う.術中ニューロナビゲーションシステムを使用することにより解剖学的および機能的マッピングを融合することが可能となり, 機能温存を図ったうえでの正確で効率的な腫瘍摘出ができると考えられる.

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本研究はTooth erosion における乳歯，永久歯エナメル質の脱灰－再石灰化時の反応性，950 ppmF フッ化ナトリウム溶液の応用による効果の差を明らかにすることを目的として，pH サイクリング法にて実験を行なった。被験歯にはヒト乳臼歯20 歯およびヒト小臼歯20 歯を用いた。1 回のサイクリングは22 時間とし，再石灰化液（2 時間，pH 7.0）に浸漬後，脱灰液（5 分，pH 3.0），再石灰化液（6 時間30 分，pH 7.0）の工程を3回反復したものをフッ化物未処理群とし，フッ化物処理群では脱灰液と再石灰化液の間にフッ化ナトリウム溶液（3 分，950 ppmF）による処理を追加した。脱灰－再石灰化の評価は，各液のリン濃度より算出されたミネラル変化率（vol％）にて行った。その結果より以下の結論を得た。1 ．乳歯，永久歯のミネラル変化率の比較において，フッ化物未処理群では，脱灰，再石灰化時ともに反応性に差は認められなかった。フッ化物処理群では，脱灰時に差は認められないものの，再石灰化時において乳歯は永久歯よりも有意に高い反応性を示すことが明らかになった。2 ．1 サイクリング中における総ミネラル変化率において乳歯，永久歯共にフッ化物未処理群とフッ化物処理群の間に有意な差が認められた。しかし，乳歯，永久歯のフッ化物未処理群間，フッ化物処理群間に差は認められなかった。以上の結果よりTooth erosion を想定したpH 3.0 脱灰液を用いた再石灰化前の950 ppmF フッ化物溶液の応用は乳歯，永久歯の両者で脱灰の抑制よりも，再石灰化の促進を通じて，脱灰－再石灰化のバランスを保つことが示唆された。

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