国立天文台は1991年度から,可視光と赤外線の天文学にとって地上最良の観測適地である八ワイ島・マウナケア山頂 (4200m) に,口径8mの大望遠鏡「すばる」の建設をすすめている.21世紀の観測天文学に大きな飛躍をもたらすことが期待されるすばる計画の目的,概要,進行状況を紹介し,この計画を支える技術の要となる能動光学,補償光学,新しい天文学を切り開く観測装置計面とその検出器の開発状況について解説する.

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国立天文台は平成3年から8年計画でハワイ島マウナケア山頂に口径8 mの光学赤外線望遠鏡 (JNLT, 愛称「すばる」) の建設を開始した. この望遠鏡 (図1) は, 集光力・解像力・観測波長帯域などにおいて既存の望遠鏡をはるかに凌ぐ性能を持ち, 観測天文学に新しい時代を拓くことを目指して建設される. 具体的には波長0.3～30 μmの可視光・赤外線で, 宇宙の果てのクェーサーや銀河を観測し宇宙の構造と進化を解明すること, 銀河内での星形成領域の観測から星や惑星系の誕生の過程を解明すること, などを目的としている. 本計画の概要と天体物理学に与えるインパクトについて展望する.

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Two projects are introduced to verify the performance of space tether technology. A sounding rocket will be launched in the summer of 2009 to deploy a bare electro-dynamic tape tether having a length of 300. The other to verify the space tether technology is a small satellite to deploy a bare 25km electro-dynamic tape tether, expected to be launched in 2013. These verifications of tether technology will lead to a large numbers of applications of space tether technology.

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Automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) are a type of self-propelled vehicle that do not require traveling rails and an electrical supply line. In Japan, the usage of AGVs is currently limited because their maximum speed is restricted to 60 m/min for safety reasons. Daifuku has developed three safety technologies that can enable the AGV's maximum speed to be increased to 200 /min. The will cover a 3-year period from FY2011 to FY2013. In FY2011, these experimental productions and evaluation tests were conducted. In FY2012, each technology has been reviewed, modified, and tested with several high-speed AGVs. In FY2013 operation tests will be performed at a customer's DC and the safety of the system will be evaluated. This paper reviewed the results till FY2012.

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Improving informal settlements have long been the biggest challenges for rapidly urbanizing Asian, African and Latin American cities. The participatory approach, implemented by the community, requires technical support, where the local housing production system, more specifically at the site, local carpenters and/or contractors, have taken a role in providing such support. Indonesia is one of the typical cases in terms of informal settlement improvement. These projects, particularly at implementation phase, naturally, should be technically supported through local housing production system organized by master carpenters called mandors, who have both soft and hard skills, leading and guiding the construction sites.

This research, therefore, aims to empirically discuss how Indonesia’s master carpenters, mandors, can contribute to the recent informal settlement improvement projects, including KOTAKU, from the institutional perspective as well as at the project implementation. For this objective a case study was conducted in three districts of Ngampilan, Muja Muju and Klitren in Yogyakarta City. Considering the possible contribution of mandors, brought through their philosophy of leadership and coordination based on Javanese culture, at the different phases of upgrading project, research, planning and implementation, the conclusion highlights (1) based on the relationship between the project leaders and the government, a process that can utilize the capabilities of the master carpenters by collaborating with them through the local prime contractor is desirable, (2) when setting up technical positions in the formation stage of the project's implementation organization, it is ideal to secure a slot for the master carpenters from the planning stage, and (3) since the authority of the field in physical improvement lies mainly with the local residents and the professional engineers in charge, it is desirable to strengthen the authority of the master carpenters in the field in order to utilize their skills.

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Recent developments towards photon-atom quantum interface are described. The quantum interface is realized by reversible time evolution of an atom-cavity coupled system. Proof of principle experiments have been demonstrated with neutral atoms recently. With trapped ions, the interface has not been realized yet, although single photon generation with tailored waveforms has been achieved in an ion-cavity system, in which a same calcium ion has been kept localized in a cavity for more than 90 minutes. Strategies towards the photon-ion quantum interface are described.

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超深度マントル掘削計画“M2Mモホール”は，日米欧が協同で実施している国際深海科学掘削計画（IODP）の最重要課題の一つであり，日本が擁する地球深部探査船「ちきゅう」の能力を最大限に発揮することのよってのみ実現可能な巨大科学計画である．日本が中心となって推進する“M2Mモホール計画”は，深さ6 kmを越える海洋地殻を貫通して，人類史上初めて直接マントル物質を回収し，モホの実態と対流するマントルのダイナミクスを理解するとともに，水の起源と全地球規模の炭素循環を解明し，地下生物圏の限界を探ることを目的としている．科学的要請と技術的制約にもとづいてハワイ北方沖，コスタリカ沖，バハカリフォルニア沖の3カ所に候補地を絞り，その中から最終的な掘削地点を決定するために地下構造探査の準備を進めつつある．

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Ocean drilling project has historically been commenced by Project MoHole in 1961drilling into mantle through the Mohorovicic discontinuity at 6km below seafloor at the same timing of the Apollo project sending human to the Moon. It has been more than 50 years since then, and it has been just 50 years since the launch of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) in 1968 after Project MoHole. A compilation of holes into the ocean crust cored by scientific ocean drilling since the beginning of DSDP to 2018 highlights that only 38 holes deeper than 100m have been cored in oceanic crust and the total recovered ocean crustal material represents <2% of the cores. However, despite this relative paucity of material, scientific ocean drilling has provided essential and hitherto unavailable observations for advancing our understanding of the processes that repave nearly 70% of Earth's surface over short geological time scales (<200 million years) : these include better knowledge of ocean crust architecture and the accretion in processes in the axial zone of mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. It is still our ambition to explore the deep interior of our planet by scientific drilling in ocean, the most successful, long-term international scientific collaboration in any field. The Mohole-to-Mantle (2) will sample for the first time upper mantle peridotites at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge. This will be achieved by drilling by D⁄V Chikyu through intact fast-spread oceanic crust, and ∼500m into the mantle lithosphere.

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We have developed a new broadband VLBI system GALA-V for distant frequency comparison project. The GALA-V broadband VLBI observation system is designed to be compatible with the concept of the next generation geodetic VLBI system: VGOS (VLBI Global Observing System). The GALA-V system contains advanced technologies, such as (1) unique broadband feed, which enables upgrading standard Cassegrain telescope to broadband radio telescope, (2) RF direct sampling and broadband bandwidth synthesis. We have originally developed broadband feed (NINJA Feed), which has been installed to Kashima 34-m antenna, and we have successfully realized high-gain large diameter broadband antenna with Cassegrain optics. The combination use of RF-Direct sampling technique and broadband bandwidth synthesis have achieved stable high precision group delay measurement. The GALA-V system demonstrated sub-pico second precision delay measurement by one second of VLBI observation of extragalactic radio source with Kashima 34 m - Ishioka 13

baseline. Our is targeting to make precision frequency comparison and geodetic measurements with transportable small diameter antennas. We have conducted a series of broadband VLBI experiments between two small telescopes installed at NICT (Tokyo) and NMIJ (Tsukuba) for measurement of clock difference between UTC (NICT) and UTC (NMIJ). These experiments demonstrated that broadband observation enables one pico-second or better delay precision measurement even by using small diameter radio telescopes. Weighted RMS of post-fit delay residual of a pair of 1.6 m & 2.4 m antennas was about 14 psec in the session on 25th Nov., which is the same level with the best precision current geodetic VLBI observation with large diameter antennas. The experiment results suggest that analysis errors of broadband VLBI are no more limited by delay measurement precision, but totally dominated by atmospheric delay uncertainty.

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Surgical treatment for the cerebral aneurysms of the proximal (M1) segment of the middle cerebral artery, especially those that project superiorly, carries a high risk of infarct caused by damage of perforating arteries.
Between January 2004 and November 2009, of 114 patients with MCA aneurysms treated surgically in our hospital, 11 patients with aneurysms of the proximal MCA were diagnosed on the basis of angiographic or surgical findings. Among them, 8 patients had aneurysms projected superiorly. All patients underwent surgery via fronto-temporal craniotomy and trans-sylvian approach. Four patients with ruptured aneurysms underwent emergency surgery within 72 hours of the insult. Motor evoked potential (MEP) was monitored during surgery in the latest 2 patients. We reviewed retrospectively 8 patients with such aneurysms treated by direct surgery.
The average age in our patient population was 64.3 years (range, 56-81 yr). There were 2 men and 6 women. The average size of aneurysms was 8.1 mm (range, 3-25 mm). Four patients had ruptured aneurysms. Intracerebral hematoma was recognized on computer tomographic (CT) scan in 2 patients with ruptured aneurysms. Neck clipping was performed in 7 patients and wrapping in 1 patient. STA-MCA bypass was performed for the patient with giant aneurysm. Temporary occlusion of the M1 segment was required in 2 patients, including the patient with giant aneurysm. CT scans after surgery revealed cerebral infarction in the territories of the perforating artery from the M1 segment in 3 patients, and aphasia remains in 1 of the 3 patients. At 3 months after surgery, 5 patients made a good recovery (GR), 2 had a moderate disability (MD), and 1 a severe disability (SD), according to Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). All of the unruptured aneurysms made GR, though 1 patient presented with cerebral infarction.
The aneurysms of the 1, which superiorly, represent one of the most complicated aneurysms. Understanding the relationship between the perforating arteries arising from the M1 segment and the aneurysm neck should allow surgeons to avoid many postoperative ischemic complications.

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M-type Var. Murase is believed to fail in synthesizing galactose due to the block in the enzymatic system. Though it might take some amount of galactose from the medium, the dose might be very little, because of the cellular damage by galactose, While mucoid M forms characteristic mucoid colony in the presence of galactose, the cellular damage being not so apparent as .
A new was planned for further elucidation of their galactose incorporation.
The results ars as follows.
1) Galactose in a dose over 2γ/0.1 ml can be determined quantitatively by the cup-plate method using Murase's M.
2) Extract of the culture medium of mucoid M or M on galactose agar plate showedd the diminution of galactose partly, by steamsterilization or rather by adsorption to the agar medium. When M was plated, a very minute amount of galactose might be adsorbed to the cell surface or might be incorporated by the cell. While, when mucoid M was plated, the-incorporation of galactose by the cell was apparent.
3) When mucoid M was plated onto the medium of 10 ml which contained 80γ/ml of galactose, the concentration of galactose decreased under 20γ/ml. While in case of M, only the concentration of 20γ/ml was lowered.
4) No galactose consumption was observed in the broth culture of mucoid M.
5) Series of the experimental data of galactose consumption obtained by the cup-plate method were quite similar to those obtained by the galactoseoxidase method.
6) From the foregoing results, it is believed that mucoid M can incorporate galactose. The relationship between synthesis of slime and incorporation of galactose is thought to be very close.
7) Galactose consumption by mucoid M was estimated as 2-4 fold over than that by M, and mucoid M is resistant to galactose 2-4 fold than M. This character of mucoid M was lost always when it reversed to M.

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メッシュ・レプリカ法は，オージェ電子分光法およびX線光電子分光法において，イオンスパッタリング速度を決定するための手法の一つであり，ISO/TR 22335にはその実施における推奨事項等が記載されている．スパッタリング速度を実測する上で有用な手法であるが，その報告例は多くない．本報告では，ISO/TR 22335のメッシュ・レプリカ法について解説し，そのトレース試験結果および実用上の注意点を報告する．トレース試験では，メッシュ・レプリカ法を用いてシリコン基板のAr⁺イオンスパッタリングを実施し，触針式段差計によりスパッタリング痕の深さを計測した．このスパッタリング深さは，シリコン熱酸化膜を用いたAr⁺イオンスパッタリング深さ方向分析結果と同程度の値であった．新たにTEM用単孔グリッドを用いたメッシュ・レプリカ法について検討した．その結果，単孔グリッドにより得られたスパッタリング痕形状はイオン照射方位や段差計の走査方向の考慮が不要な形状であった．

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「高性能工業炉の開発」プロジェクトは, エネルギー使用合理化に資する新しい技術開発のためにNEDO (新エネルギー・産業技術総合開発機構) から委託を受けて, (社) 日本工業炉協会が実施している. 高温空気燃焼技術は, 加熱装置の熱効率の向上, 伝熱速度改善および低公害燃焼の同時達成可能な革新的燃焼技術であり, 高性能工業炉開発プロジェクトの根幹をなしている.
実験炉の仕様決定の考え方, 実験結果を用いた実用炉としての高性能工業炉の主仕様決定方法につき, 流動・伝熱・反応解析手法とその解析結果を合わせて論述し, 実験から実機仕様決定までの最新のアプローチ方法と具体的設計例を提示した.

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We have developed dynamic intravenous coronary arteriography (IVCAG) using a monochromatic (33.3 keV), 2-dimensional X-ray beam (70×70 mm) generated from synchrotron radiation. To investigate its use to visualize the coronary arteries and to estimate coronary blood flow, we performed IVCAG in 10 dogs and 1 goat. The animals were irradiated with the synchrotron beam after intravenous injection of a contrast agent, and images were obtained using a TV camera and videorecorder. In the dogs, blood flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was also estimated from the images by applying a transit-time analysis. We obtained dynamic IVCAG images in the dogs and goat and could visualize even a deliberately created coronary stenosis about 1 mm in length. In addition, coronary blood flow could be estimated with an acceptable degree of accuracy. LAD flow calculated from IVCAG was 14.7±5.1 ml/min, whereas measured LAD flow was 16.6±4.8 ml/min. There was a close correlation between the estimated and measured LAD flows (r=0.90, p<0.01). Thus, dynamic IVCAG is minimally invasive, permits the simultaneous evaluation of coronary anatomy and blood flow, and may be feasible for clinical application. (Jpn Circ J 1997; 61: 432 - 440)

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世界市場において大量生産、大量消費の時代が終焉し、かつてのように技術力や生産力が競争の源泉とならなくなった状況下では、顧客にとって価値のある新しい製品やサービスを創り出していくことが最も重要であり、イノベーションを起こすことができる企業でなければ生き残っていくことは難しい。P2M は不確実性が高く環境変化が激しい今の時代の流れに対応して新たな顧客価値を創造するためのプロジェクトマネジメントの手法を提供しているが、本稿ではさらに継続的にイノベーションを創出する観点を強化するために、アジャイル、リーン製品開発、デザイン思考などの新しい考え方を取り入れた仕組みの構築を検討する。

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