This study constructed a multi-layered structure of adjective pairs expressing the tactile properties of materials. We analyzed the causalities between adjectives by using the DEMATEL method involving twenty-nine adjective pairs and forty-six materials. Based on the evaluated causalities, we constructed a multi-layered structure, which contained three types of perceptual layers expressing tactile textures, i.e.: psychophysical, affective, and preferential layers. The psychophysical layer consisted of adjectives related to the physical properties of materials, which were rough/smooth, uneven/flat, hard/soft, cold/warm, sticky/slippery, and wet/dry. The affective layer expresses affective aspects such as comfortable/uncomfortable and friendly/unfriendly. The preferential layer, which is the highest layer of the structure, included adjectives related to individual preferences: rich/poor, good/bad, like/dislike, and happy/sad. The constructed structure supports us to understand affective and preferential perceptions of materials through psychophysical perceptions.

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A classification algorithm of decision tables has been proposed to investigate major opinions and the distribution of opinions in the given group of decision tables. In the approach, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm is applied using a similarity between clusters of decision tables. Therefore, the algorithm terminates after all decision tables compose a cluster so that the proper number of clusters cannot be determined automatically. In this paper, a few clustering methods based on the rational choice theory are proposed. It is shown that the algorithm can terminate before all decision tables compose a cluster so that the number of clusters is automatically determined.

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Techniques for modeling hierarchical and multidimensional human perceptual and affective experiences afford further understanding of the affective values of humans with regard to products and services. In this study, we developed a method for the graphical modeling of texture-related perceptual and affective experiences, which were expressed by adjectives. The method enables the establishment of semantically causal relationships among the adjectives using the results of a standard sensory evaluation task based on adjective rating. The initial model was simplified by covariance selection to enable the definition of the causalities based on the assumption that the perception of the physical aspects of material surfaces produces affective and more personal experiences. For the purpose of validation through an experiment, we applied the developed method to the textures of 46 different flat materials and developed a model that was logically comparable to previously developed models. The proposed graphical modeling method promises to facilitate the design of product surfaces and an analysis of the subjective feelings induced by touching them.

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個人見解を表す複数の決定表を分類することにより，意見分布を概括的に把握しようとする試みがなされている．決定表間の類似度を定義し，階層的クラスタリングを適用している．この方法では，形成されるクラスター数が決めにくいという欠点がある．本研究では，分類対象が決定表という特殊性を利用して，クラスター統合による各個人の損益を考察し，クラスター数が自動的に決定されるクラスタリング法を提案する． 実データを用いて提案法の特徴や有用性について考察する．

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本研究は，過当競争に陥っている浴衣レンタルサービスにおいて，高価格で高付加価値なサービスに対する需要が存在するかを検証するため，コンジョイント分析を行った．浴衣レンタルサービスの構成要素を，レンタル価格，浴衣のグレード，サービスが提供される場所，デザイン，レンタルサービスと一緒に体験できるオプションの5 つの属性に分解し，仮想的なレンタルサービスを構成し，アンケートを通じて被験者に評価をしてもらった．その結果，レンタル価格の上昇を伴ったとしても，京都や浅草といった観光地でサービスを提供し，高いグレードの浴衣を提供した場合，利用者の満足度が高くなることがわかった．すなわち，高価格・高品質の浴衣レンタルサービスに対する潜在需要の存在が確認できた．

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本研究の目的は, 若い女性に好まれる住まいのイメージの相関関係と空間に対するイメージ構造を分析することである。実験では, 150名の被験者に, 居間, 寝室, キッチンという住まいの空間を描いた21枚の絵をSD尺度上で評価させた。SD法の結果から, 若い女性が好む住まいのイメージは, くつろぎやすい, 親しみやすい, 落ち着いた, さわやか, 上品, 広々とした, 柔らかい, 軽いという8つのイメージと強い正の相関関係があることが明らかになった。因子分析の結果から, 住まいの空間は, 「派手-地味」, 「暖かい-冷たい」, 「現代的-伝統的」という3因子で構成されていることが明らかになった。暖かいイメージには, 「好き」というイメージが含まれていた。さらに, 各因子軸に分布するサンプルの分析から, 各空間とも現代的, 派手というイメージは, 好まれる空間のイメージに対して重要なものではなかった。また, 若い女性の好きな空間は, 例外なく暖かいイメージを含んでいた。

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To effectively design tactile textures of product surfaces, it is essential to specify the semantically multilayered and multidimensional structure of human perceptual, emotional, and preferential expressions pertaining to touching materials. We implemented a method to identify individual differences in the structure of these expressions, based on subjective reports of the mutual impacts among 29 adjective dyads used to describe tactile experiences of material samples. Results showed that the 11 university students who responded to 46 types of flat materials were clustered into three statistically different groups. The structures were largely composed of three layers of expressions: psychophysical (bottom), emotional or material attributes (middle), and preferential (top). All groups selected the same adjective dyads encompassed in the bottom layer, relating to percepts of physical quantities, which indicates the similarity of psychophysical percepts among the participants; however, the middle and top layers significantly differed across individuals. These results indicate that under the tested conditions, there are individual differences in the semantic structures of emotional and preferential experiences; however, such differences in psychophysical expressions are relatively minor.

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In Nilotic studies, the image of cattle-obsessed Nilotes, in terms not only of their economy but also of their culture and religion, has been dominant. The Pani of southeastern Sudan offer us an interesting case to counter this dominant view. Pastoralism shares only a limited role in their subsistence economy, and goats, which are not considered substitutes for cattle, are usually victims in sacrifices. They have no“personal oxen”and hunting wild animals has a great significance in achieving and displaying manhood.
This paper will highlight the hunting culture among the Pan, with a special focus onNyalam, a New Year hunting ritual, in which the first game is sacrificed. Then I will try to account for the ritual both in regional and Nilotic contexts. The aim of the paper is, instead of treating the Pani as being marginal or exceptional to the mainstream Nilotes such as the Nuer and Dinka, to set and evaluate their hunting culture among the Nilotes and to reconsider the dominant pastoral image of the Nilotes.

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The demand of wood is increasing, but the supply is limited, on the contrary, there are amount of potential young teaks (Tectona grandis L.f.) from thinning of teak plantations that could contribute to meet this demand. During the time from planting until harvesting (rotation age), a number of young teak trees, which comprise mostly sapwood, are felled regularly due to the thinning to stimulate the better growth of the remaining teak trees in the plantations. There are at least 1.2 million hectares of teak plantations in Java, Indonesia, and 3.146 million hectares in other countries. In one of the teak plantations, for 1 hectare with the average site quality and the rotation age of 40 years, from 1,769 5-year-old teak trees will be felled regularly during the rotation age until 277 39-year-old teak trees remain at harvesting. From this study, consider the significant amount of young teaks from the thinning is available, it is necessary to utilize these potential material become suitable products by taking the advantage of its properties and prominent characteristics, e.g. border patterns and lighter color of the sapwood, to enhance its utilization and value.

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Studies by many literary and theatre scholars have demonstrated the relevance of Wole Soyinka’s plays to Africa’s sociopolitical realities. Nonetheless, sufficient critical attention has not been given to the relevance of Soyinka’s A Dance of the Forests (1973a) to the current sociopolitical situation in Africa. This study analyzes various themes of dystopia in Soyinka’s A Dance of the Forests and shows their relevance to the troubled condition of life in contemporary Africa. The study is premised on the idea that the significance of literary works, especially in Africa, goes beyond the period in which they are produced. Using postcolonial insights of Frantz Fanon and Homi Bhabha as a theoretical paradigm, the study contends that, although A Dance of the Forests is set against the background of Nigerian independence in 1960, the play’s representations of crises of governance are relevant to the socio-political upheavals in the 21st century Africa. While the play acknowledges the Western colonial factor, it demonstrates that political tyranny, social injustice, dehumanization, and other indices of dystopia prevalent in the continent predate as well as transcend Western colonialism. It shows that the state of dystopia in Africa has a link with the long-established culture of tyranny in the continent. The study shows that Soyinka’s A Dance of the Forests reveals that various African rulers (before and during colonialism, and after independence), together with their collaborators, within and outside the continent, support and implement dystopian policies which undermine the collective happiness of the ordinary people. By demonstrating that diverse elements of dystopia in Africa are not only generated by external factors but also deeply rooted in some aspects of Africa’s precolonial and post-independence leadership cultures, the playwright summons both African leaders and the led for critical self-examinations. The paper concludes that, rather than solutions from outsiders, Africans themselves should address the pervasive corruption and tyranny assailing their continent, and institute justice and equity in order to resolve its dystopian condition.

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資本、情報、モノ、ヒトが国民国家の境界を軽々と越境してつくりだす社会の流動状況は、国民国家の誕生とともに市民社会の学として誕生したさまざまな近代科学の枠組を揺るがしている。国民国家の制約を超えて、グローバルな視点で発想し行動することが、新たな指針としても推奨されはじめた。遠く離れた地域で起こっている森林伐採や河川汚染に敏感に反応し、見知らぬ社会で生起した人権侵害に注目していくという態度は、グローバル化時代の市民の行動基準となりつつあるのだ。環境保護や人権尊重は、現代世界の普遍的(絶対的)正義としての地位を確立した。これらのグローバルな基準は、いまや、正面から異議を唱え解体・転覆することが不可能なほど、現代世界における「正統性」を付与されている。こうしたグローバル化時代の人間観は、国民国家や民族、宗教、人種といった人間分節の虚構を暴露して、国家の拘束、文化の鋳型、情報のコントロールを超えて、主体的に選択し思考し行動する個人を措定した。もちろんこの種の個人を、西欧近代固有の人間観に過ぎないという批判は可能だ。しかし、オリエンタリズム批判の眼差しは、こうした非西欧近代の人間観を、差異を強調してユニークなものとして描くことに警鐘をならした。では、グローバル・スタンダードを無条件に受容するのでもなく、非西欧的ローカリズムをロマンティックに想像するのでもない、人間観はいかにして構想可能なのだろうか。この問題について整理し方向性を検討することが本論の目的である。

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The aim of this paper is to shed light on a new approach to examining the Islamic revival in modern societies. This approach is often articulated by means of what I identify as the "critiques of secularism," insofar as it encompasses a wide range of criticism for secular societies. The Islamic revival has attracted the attention of many social scientists, since it contradicts the idea that modernization is accompanied by secularization. Some scholars make sense of the Islamic revival by studying the rise and growth of certain elements of modernity in Islamic societies. In the process, they tend to engage in the 'objectification of Islam' and thereupon establish some kind of relationship between the simultaneous historical processes of modernity and Islamic revival. Their approaches open a line of inquiry for comparative research, often pursued as a form of "multiple modernities." In contrast, the "critiques of secularism" approach reveals the problems of the "multiple modernities" theory, and inquires other aspects of Islamic revival through the West/Islam binary. Asad and his followers inquire into the problem of why we tend to see Islamic revival as a strange political development. Asad argued that in trying to define religion and its difference with other realms of religious societies, one is not only engaging in a theoretical question, but also simultaneously grappling with the political agenda of 'secularism,' eventually marking out a conceptual distinction between politics and religion. Secularism as an ideal concept often determines an anthropologist's work, so we must conspicuously describe how Islam is a mix of religion and otherwise related sociopolitical realms. In an interesting way, therefore, they problematize the asymmetry inherent in the binary of the West (as liberal secularism) and Islam, and by juxtaposing the West and Islam, criticize Western assumptions about liberalism and secularism. As a remedy to the incongruent binary, they use two distinct concepts for comparing Islam with the West symmetrically: Islamic discursive traditions and their practices of self-cultivation are contrasted with the beliefs and practices of secularism. Thus, their conceptual apparatus, which is inclusive of diverse beliefs and practices, urges us to rethink our assumptions about modern liberal secularism as well as about Islam. Mahmood and Hirschkind also admit that modern developments of Islamic revival in Cairo can be comprehended only by ethnographically describing specific aspects of pious Muslims' everyday activities. The critiques of secularism proffer a novel approach to exploring the phenomenon of modern Islamic revival movements. That is a major contribution to the disciplines of anthropology and Islamic studies, which we must appreciate appropriately to harness deep insights into modern societies. At the same time, one must not disregard how such ethnographies may be criticized by other intellectual perspectives. In other words, we must recognize what may become invisible in the wake of new insights, while committing coherently to various critiques of secularism and the attendant binary.

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この点描は、2014年11月『アーカイブズ学研究』編集部からの問いあわせがきっかけで、数回の打ち合わせののち、1980年代以降のヨーロッパ文化圏のアーカイブズ・コミュニティにおける国際協力の動向を、アジアのもっとも北東にいるわれわれの同業者たちに紹介することとした。それは、ふたつの分離したプロフェッション・コミュニティ――ひとつはアーキビストでローマ文明にルーツがあり、もうひとつはアーキビストからの分派、レコードマネジャーで、1950年代半ばに合衆国で発生し新大陸に普及――、これらの統合について議論がなされてきたこと。そして、電子環境下の1990年代から2000年代にかけて、DNAとして埋め込まれたライフ・ヒストリーのメタデータによってコントロールされる情報／オブジェクト――ドキュメント――レコード――アーカイブズの連環実体に関するアーカイブズ・レコード・マネジメント：ARMについての国際標準が、ICAやISOによって公表され、理論と方法論および実務フレームワークにおけるアーカイブズ科学とアーカイブズ学教育が確立してきたことである。このような動向がこの時点でなぜ、どのようにして起こったのか、という疑問が生じるとすれば、どんな答えをわれわれは用意することができるのであろうか。たとえば、カナダのアーキビストTerry Cookによる1990年代半ばの論文――現代アーカイブズの古典Dutch Manualの再評価――は、答えを明確にあるいは暗に示唆するであろうか。おそらく、これらのプロフェッションの統合についてのひとつの道筋を語るであろう。オランダ・アーキビストP. J. Horsman、F. C. J. Ketelaar、T. H. P. M. Thomassenたちによる「ダッチ・マニュアル入門」によると、アーカイブズの科学と方法論の諸原則は、オランダにおけるアーカイブズ・コミュニティの固有な歴史背景にもとづいて発生し、定式化したことを明示しており、また同時に、それら諸原則は、共通した歴史背景――ポスト・ナポレオンのヨーロッパにおける学問という知性の揺りかご全体がもたらした、と指摘している。それで、この点描では、イタリアとカナダのアーキビストLuciana Durantiの1980年代末から1990年代後半にいたる一連の諸論文と、ほかのアーキビストや歴史家の論文などによって（ただし英語論文を主とする）、ヨーロッパ文化圏におけるアーカイブズとその科学の歩みを読むことにしよう。これは、先の答えを与えるだけでなく、アーカイブズ世界のより一層豊かな理解をもたらすであろう。しかし、筆者はチャートもコンパスもない素人。この航海が無事であるのを祈りつつ、筆を下ろそう。

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