Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is now considered as the first-line modality for biliary drainage. However, it is limited by failure rate to achieve bile duct access of 3%-5%. In such cases with failure of access to the bile duct, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is needed. Unfortunately, PTBD is associated with a high rate of complications. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been introduced as an effective alternative to PTBD in patients with failure of ERCP. Little is known, however, about the long-term outcomes of EUS-BD performed with a fully covered self-expandable metallic stent (FCSEMS) . We examined the long-term outcomes of EUS-BD performed with an FCSEMS. From August 2010 to October 2013, EUS-BD was performed in 8 patients with distal malignant biliary obstructions. The technical success rate was 100%. The stent patency was maintained in 5 (62.5%) patients until their death, while distal migration of the stent occurred during the follow-up period in the remaining 3 (37.5%) patients. In 2 of these patients, the FCSEMS could be easily reinserted, because the opening of the fistula tract was large enough to be easily found, even after the stent migration. In conclusion, EUS-BD is a safe and effective method in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction and the stent patency is maintained for a long duration in a high percentage of the patients. However, the distal stent migration rate was significantly high, suggesting the need for a newly designed metallic stent for performing EUS-BD.

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S. Giedion′s Space, Time and Architecture is a remarkable accomplishment in that it provides a theoretical basis of modern architecture. The book plays a very important role in helping us understand modern architecture, even though it was written in 1941. In this book, Giedion presents a definition of modern architecture as the realization of a new space concept, ″space-time.″ This is remarkable in that it tries to explain a change in the traditional notion of space; even more, it actually contains the notion of time in architecture. Giedion founded the new space concept; space-time in modern science, art and architecture on the basis of ″Zeitgeist.″ He tried to explain the concept, space-time in modern architecture, in two respects; simultaneity and movement. However, considering the fact that the characteristics of time and the method of expression in art and architecture are different, simultaneity and movement cannot be regarded as the same notion in art and architecture. Thus, his new space concept, space-time, should be reconsidered as an expression of a new concept of space derived from the concept of a dimensional evolution, not as an actual adaptation of time. Finally, further critical and analytical approaches to time in architecture should be followed for more concrete development of this critical concept in architecture.

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Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the intra- and intersession reliability of a new inertial measurement unit (ZEPP Sensor (ZS)) for bat swing mechanical analysis. Design and Methods: This investigation included 16 male collegiate baseball players (89.53 ± 12.5 kg, 180.61 ± 6.5 cm, 20.12 ± 0.8 years). Following a whole body dynamic warm-up and 5 dry swings, 5 swings were recorded where athletes hit balls off of a tee with bats instrumented with a ZS. Data collection took place on 3 days. Intrasession reliability analyzed trial to trial data, while intersession reliability analyzed data from each of the 3 sessions. Both relative and absolute measures of reliability were calculated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficients of variation (CV), and limits of agreement (LOA). Results: Within and between session acceleration/time related variables produced excellent relative reliability measurements (ICCs 0.882-0.988) as well as acceptable absolute measures of reliability (CVs 1.9%-9.2%). Variables derived from the gyro scope did not display the same consistency (intrasession vertical angle ICC = 0.492, intersession attack angle CV = 108.6%). Conclusions: Considering acceleration/time data, the ZS appears to be a reliable method of monitoring bat swing mechanics, but not for the angular position variables. Changes in body position have been demonstrated with fatigue in jumping performance. Similarly, bat position changes may occur with fatigue and should be monitored, but coaches and sport scientists should use caution when selecting variables to monitor and only select those that are reliable.

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Accelerated urbanization and the tremendous effort in achieving a state of modernization have significantly transformed the Bangkok cityscape over the past few decades. This situation inevitably accounts for the demise of traditional Thai dwellings, or ruan thai, the inherited tradition and the dwellers′ way of life rooted in an agrarian society. Among the existing ruan thai in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, it is remarkable that there are not only Thai residents but also those from diverse cultural groups such as Muslims, the Mon and Laotians. This paper is a study of the spatial anthropology of the ruan thai resided in by Thai Muslims in the east of Bangkok. Based on field surveys and oral history, its central goal is to examine the spatial characteristics of Thai-Islamic dwellings, which reflect a dialogical relationship between the socio-cultural and spatio-temporal dimensions. Grounded in the context of a matriarchal society, the case studies constitute several spatial aspects shared by typical Thai dwellings. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the Islamic way of life plays a crucial role in the way the dwellers use space, particularly in terms of the invisible, yet fixed-feature, sphere.

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遺伝子検査は,感染症や白血病を中心に,迅速な確定診断だけでなく,治療適応決定,治療モニタリングなど患者管理に広く利用されている.遺伝子検査には,従来検査にない情報として,疾患の早期診断や発症前診断がある.多因子疾患である生活習慣病においても,遺伝子検査は,発症リスクの判別と個別的予防,さらに,予後診断,治療効果予測に期待されている.遺伝子検査の適正な評価と利用のため,情報,技術,経済,医療基盤の整備が望まれる.

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We have analyzed small-scale fluctuations of temperature in the stratosphere using radio occultation data from the GPS/MET (GPS/Meteorology) experiment. From this, we have determined a vertical wave number spectrum of the normalized temperature fluctuations (T"/T) at 20-30 km and 30-40 km during three periods in June/July 1995, October 1995 and February 1997. The spectra at 20-30 km in the equatorial region in February 1997 agreed very well with radiosonde results in Indonesia as well as with a model spectrum assuming a linear saturation of gravity waves. We have found that the GPS radio occultation technique could measure meso-scale temperature perturbations in the lower stratosphere with a vertical wavelength down to 400 m. We have investigated the dependence of the mean wave number spectra on latitude, height and season. At 20-30 km the power law index for short wavelengths (<2 km)was about -3, consistent with a saturated gravity wave model. However, the spectral density wassometimes smaller than that predicted by the model. At 30-40 km both the spectral slope and densityagreed well with the model for wavelengths shorter than about 1.5 km, though the slope was moregradual for small m. We have calculated the variance (T"/T)² integrating the spectra in two verticalwavelength ranges: 10-2.5 km and 2-0.4 km, and estimated potential energy per unit mass (Ep). Seasonaland latitudinal variations of Ep were evident at 20-30 km, in particular, Ep was highly enhancednear the equator for both long and short wavelength ranges. At 30-40 km the enhancement of Ep at lowlatitudes became less evident than at 20-30 km.

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本研究は，東日本大震災直後のゴールデンタイムの報道時間に着目し，分析を行った．その結果，2011年3月13日から通常の娯楽等の番組編成に変わったことが確認された．また，その後の特集番組では，全て池上彰氏による震災関連の解説であることが分かった．
今後の大規模災害時において，ゴールデンタイムには視聴者のニーズ，経営上の観点等，番組編成上の検討要素を考慮し，必要があれば娯楽等に迅速に切り替え，多様なステークホルダーのニーズに応えることが重要である．

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When cut gerbera flowers absorb water after dry transport, some cultivars often exhibit petal curling, a phenomenon known as “Ben-sori” in Japanese. This study showed that the occurrence rate differed among gerbera cultivars, with ‘Aloha’, ‘

’ and ‘Kimsey’ being categorized as sensitive cultivars, while ‘Pinta’ and ‘Vivid’ were insensitive. In ‘Aloha’, petal curling caused the abaxial length and adaxial width of epidermal cells to be significantly shorter than in normal petals. ‘Aloha’ flowers harvested at later developmental stages were less affected by petal curling compared with those harvested at earlier stages. The petal length and width increased sharply at stage 4 (anthesis), and the development ray florets finished at stage 6 (flowers with anthers visible in three outermost rings in disk florets). Therefore, cut gerbera flowers that still have petal elongation potential may exhibit increased occurrence of petal curling symptoms. Lower absorption temperatures accelerated petal curling, and the most severe symptoms were observed at 5°C. Interestingly, when cut flowers absorbed water at 15°C, no symptoms were detected. We propose two ways to prevent the occurrence of petal curling in cut gerbera flowers: first, harvest flowers of sensitive cultivars at later developmental stages when anthers are visible in the two or three outermost rings of disk florets and second, allow water absorption at around 15°C after dry transport. These prevention strategies can resolve issues associated with petal curling for both flower retailers and customers and will improve the quality of cut gerberas.

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本稿の目的は、放送局による番組編成の差別化が広告価格に与える影響を日本の地上波テレビ放送局のデータを使った実証分析によって明らかにすることである。本稿では、関東地区の民放主要5局を対象に、2008年4月から2020年3月までに放送された番組のデータから各局の番組ジャンル編成に基づく差別化の指標を計算し、広告価格との関係を動学的パネルデータモデルによって推定した。その結果、以下の4点が明らかになった。第1に、差別化指標の一部は広告価格に対して正の効果を持つ。また、シェアや市場動向も広告価格と正の関係にある。第2に、差別化指標が依拠するジャンル分類の違いが結果に影響する可能性がある。第3に、計算された差別化指標から、差別化の度合いと傾向は放送局によって特徴が異なり、番組編成戦略の違いが露わになった。第4に、広告価格は過去の水準から影響を受けるため、動学的構造を適切にコントロールすることが重要である。

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Owing to the accelerated pace of modernization and urbanization, traditional Thai dwellings, or ruan thai, and mode of living not only lose their multidimensionality, but also are dramatically displaced by modern housing and lifestyle. The premature, unsustainable, developments result in serious dwelling problems, particularly in and around the Bangkok Megalopolis. This research is a proxemic study of Thai dwellings in three evolution periods; the ″old,″ the ″transitional,″ and the ″old and new″ tradition. In order to understand how Thai dwellings respond to the ever-shifting contexts, the research focuses on the reexamination of the interrelationship between the broad, natural and cultural, context and the intimate, spatial, content and the reintegration between the horizontality and verticality of the ruan thai′s lived space. The in-depth research selects eight ruan thai located in the Phrapradaeng District, Samutprakarn Province as the case studies. Methodologically, this research includes the socio-cultural and spatial analyses, while Hall′s PMS study is employed to explicate the contexts of the ruan thai′s lived space. Through the analyses of spatial and sectional diagrams, the study reveals the spatial contents of ruan thai as integral parts of the Thai ecological and cultural context.

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There has been an increase in the number of Japanese people who disagree with traditional gender roles which has resulted in diversified male roles. Based on a nine-male-roles model, this study examined the chronological changes and differences in male characters as per their ages and relationships with the heroine in NHK’s morning drama serials known as “asadora,” which is a Japanese TV drama. Results indicated that the roles of middle-aged men evolved from “high communion” in the ’60s and ’70s, to “high social status” in the ’80s and ’90s, to “commitment to household responsibility” in the ’00s and ’10s. Meanwhile, young men’s roles evolved from “high agency” in the ’90s to “attentiveness to women” in the ’10s. Additionally, the heroines’ husbands, ex-husbands, male friends, and romantic partners demonstrated “low effeminacy,” “superiority to women,” and “attentiveness to women.” Conversely, the heroines’ brothers, sons, and neighbors demonstrated “psychological and physical strength” and “emancipation from emotional restriction and toughness.” Based on social changes in Japan, implications of this study and future prospects were discussed.

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Recent studies have shown that percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of vertebral artery origin stenosis (VAS) is safe and effective. On the other hand, a major concern about the procedure involves the risk of embolic phenomena. But there have been no studies detecting debris during the PTA of VAS. We reviewed 20 patients to examine the distal embolism of debris caused by the procedure.
Twenty patients (2 female, 18 male) with a mean age of 65.3 years (range 49 to 78 years) underwent treatment with the PTA of VAS. Among 20 cases, a protection device was used in 11 cases (distal protection: 7 cases, proximal protection: 4 cases). In the distal protective balloon technique, the protective balloon was set so as to occlude the stenotic artery distally. In this technique, we sucked up the blockaded blood that was likely to contain debris and confirmed existence of debris. In the proximal protective technique, the protective balloon was set so as to occlude the proximal subclavian artery.
In all 20 cases, there was no ischemic event during the procedure. In 6 of 7 cases with distal protection, micro debris could be found in blood samples.
Our report clearly shows for the first time that debris is often induced by PTA of VAS, and protection device works effectively during the procedure. Safer PTA can be performed using a protective device.

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The present study aimed to examine the portrayal of men and women in television advertisements in two different television channels (English and Chinese medium) in Hong Kong. The study involved a content-analysis of how men and women are portrayed on television using the well-used coding scheme. The Chinese channel had significantly more gender stereotypic adverts compared to the English channel (6 out of 10 attributes compared to only 2 out of 10 attributes). Results were compared to previous studies done in Asia as well as in the rest of the world.

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A case-control study was conducted between July and August 2001 in Ho Chi Minh City to investigate factors associated with having induced abortions among primigravid women aged 16 to 38 years. Interviews were conducted with 87 women undergoing abortion (cases) and 81 pregnant women coming for antenatal care (controls). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR]=0.84) and being married (OR=0.05) decreased the risk of getting unintended pregnancy leading to abortion. Risk factors of obtaining an abortion were not being exposed to family planning promotion on television (OR=2.28) and not knowing the adverse effects of abortion (OR=10.26). Descriptive analysis of contraceptive behavior showed that 41% of cases had never used contraceptives and the reason for non-usage was lack of knowledge of any type of contraceptives in 43% of the cases. Additionally, only 24% of cases had discussed about family planning with their partners. Effective contraceptive methods shouldbe promoted among young population, both females and males, and they need tobe informed of the consequences of abortion. Television programs might be an effective mode of providing the information. J Epidemiol2002;12:375-382.

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本論文は、2010年の8週間の番組表データを用い、地上放送局とBSデジタル放送局のジャンル別番組編成を経済学の視点から分析したものである。分析の結果、NHKの地上総合チャンネルと在京キー局間、地上放送局とBSデジタル放送局間で重視する番組ジャンルが異なること、NHKのBSデジタル放送の各チャンネルは差別化されているが、3チャンネル全体では番組ジャンルの放送時間が平準化されていることが確認された。また、テレビ東京とBSジャパンを除く資本関係がある在京キー局とBSデジタル放送局間において、同じ時間帯で同じジャンルの番組が放送されるケースは非常にないことが明らかになった。

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Our lab develops an FPGA-IP prototype chip for MEC devices. One of the changes made from the first prototype named TEG1 to the second prototype chip named TEG2 was to incorporate hard macros dedicated to adders and multipliers into the FPGA architecture of TEG1. The reason for this change is to solve issues such as resource usage and delay constraints that are necessary when implementing additions and multiplications used in applications. In this paper, we report the evaluation results of his TEG2 compared to his TEG1 by a static timing analysis.

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