The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of ascorbic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, lycopene, β-carotene and their antioxidant activities in the different maturity stages of tomatoes. The results showed that tomatoes in

and stages exhibited higher contents of ascorbic acid concomitant with the correspondent higher hydrophilic antioxidant activities. The contents of phenolics, carotenoids and lycopene were increasing till the red maturity stage. Significant correlation between the DPPH radical scavenging activity and carotenoids, however lycopene was effective in its lowest concentration. The β-carotene was intensively synthesized between the green and breaker maturity stages, and higher correlated with the FRAP capacity. These findings indicated that tomatoes can be considered as natural sources of bioactive compounds regardless of the maturity stages, while tomatoes in and maturity stages has higher nutritional value and antioxidant activity.

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The present study compared and examined the characteristics of actomyosin among white (W), pink (P), and red (R) muscle fiber types in carp (cultured). Both the superprecipitation reaction and the Mg²⁺-ATPase activity of actomyosin became higher with increased Ca²⁺ concentration (pCa 7.0-pCa 5.0) and with decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (3.0-0.5 mM) in all three muscle fiber types. A comparison of the three fiber types shows that the superprecipitation reaction of actomysoin was lower in the order of W<P<R and, in contrast, was higher for Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the order of W>P>R. A significantly positive correlation between both values was found for each of the three muscle fiber types, but these correlations were clearly different among the three muscle fiber types, and the superprecipitation reaction of actomyosin was lower in the order of W<P<R when Mg²⁺-ATPase activity was at the same level. In conclusion, the characteristics of actomyosin were remarkably different among white, , and muscle fiber types.

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The colouration of silicate glasses by tellurium is obtained by melting in reducing conditions and their colours are various corresponding to the degree of reduction. They are yellowish green, pink, purple , and purple and are shown in the C. I. E. chromaticity diagram. These colouration are deepend by reheating. The purple and purple can be obtatied with the potassium containing glass. Sodium containing glass is only able to become orange pink to pink.
The authors calculate the index of the reducing capacity for various reducing agents and then calculate the ratio of reducing agents to unit weight of tellurium for the reduction of tellurium to alkalitelluride in glass. Using these values the authors investigate the influence of glass composition on the effectiveness of various reducing agents. The necessary amount of reducing agent to produce red colouration is affected by the glass components and must be increased when glass contains such component as calcium oxide, zince oxide, barium oxide, lead oxide, especially boric oxide and arsenic oxide. With the exception of aluminium, many other reducing agents tested, i.e. zinc and tartaric salts, etc., are not effective for the multicomponent glasses.
The authors allude to the result of L. Springer, Sprechsaal, 88, 192-193 (1955), which conclude that the silicate glasses are not coloured red by tellurium. From his data the authors assume that his failure to get red colouration with tellurium is due to the wrong selection of the sort and amount of reducing agent for multi-component glass.
From the practical point of view the authors conclude that it is able to obtain the tellurium or silicate glasses by selecting the glass composition and the reducing agent suitable for the formation of alkali telluride and polytelluride in glass melt.

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As part of a program to clarify the influence of difference of muscle fiber types in ordinary muscle on rigor mortis progress of fish, this study compared and examined the biochemical and physiological characteristics of muscle fiber types in relation to the muscular contraction and relaxation among white (W), pink (P), and red (R) muscle fibers of carp (cultured). The contents of ATP-related compounds and glycogen just after killing, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and myofibrillar Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in ordinary muscle were higher in the order of W>P>R, R≅P>>W, W≅P>>R, and P≥W>>R, respectively. From these results, it was suggested that the capacity of anaerobic energy supply for rigor mortis progress might be higher in the order of pink muscle fiber, white muscle fiber, and red muscle fiber. The maximum level reached by caffeine contraction was considerably higher in pink muscle fiber than in white muscle fiber, in the order of P>>W>R. However, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺-ATPase activity, SR Ca²⁺ uptake rate, and SR Ca²⁺ release rate were not higher in pink muscle fiber than in white muscle fiber, in the order of P≅W>>R, W>P>R, and W>P>R, respectively. The surface area and volume percentages of SR against sarcomere were higher in the order of P>W>R and P>>W>R, respectively, and well supported the result of caffeine contraction. The superprecipitation reaction of actomyosin was higher in the order of P≥R>>W. This result suggested that the characteristic of actomyosin in relation to muscular contraction may be markedly different among white, , and muscle fibers.

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タイにはこれまで41種のGlobba属（ショウガ科）が知られていたが，今回同国北東部のUbon Ratchathani Provinceにおいて，G. bicolor Gagnep.を新しく記録した．本種はこれまでベトナムとカンボジアにのみ知られていたものである．ここでは本種を図示し，得られた標本にもとづいて詳しく記載した．本種は形態的にG. cambodgensis Gagnep.に似ているが，先端が暗紅紫色から赤色で，全体が黄白色から緑色を帯びた苞をもつことで区別できる．

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光学欠陥や不純物によってダイヤモンドは特徴的な蛍光を発する。蛍光を活用した検査には、紫外線に対する蛍光を目視で観察する方法や、DiamondView™による蛍光像解析、光学機器による測定をおこなうなど、宝石鑑別において重要な項目である。

天然ピンクダイヤモンドと合成ピンクダイヤモンドは、それぞれ特徴ある蛍光がみられる。その蛍光がどのような波長分布によるものなのか、蛍光分光光度計で測定した。最大の蛍光スペクトルをもたたらす励起波長や、励起波長の変動にともなう蛍光スペクトルの変化を、3D 蛍光スペクトルを測定することによって、それぞれの特徴を観察した。天然ピンクダイヤモンドは、赤外分光を使用してタイプをしらべるとⅠ a、Ⅰ aA、Ⅰ aA＞Ⅰ aB、Ⅰ aB＞Ⅰ aA、Ⅰ aB、Ⅱ a が存在する(Sally et al. 2018)。個々の蛍光強度に違いはあるが主に青色蛍光を示す。いくつかのタイプについて蛍光スペクトルを測定した。

合成ピンク石は、赤～橙色の蛍光が一般的である。これは合成後に、照射と加熱処理によるＮＶセンタによって赤色系に着色されていることによる。（一部淡色は除く）。

産業界では次世代パワーデバイスとして合成ダイヤモンドが注目されているが、NV センタの赤色蛍光を利用したダイヤモンドセンサーが、生体の応用研究に利用されている。

合成ピンクダイヤモンドは、CVD 法と HPHT 法で合成されている。赤外分光では加熱による 1450 cm^-1 の他、孤立窒素のピークが確認される。さらに CVD 法合成ピンク石では、C-H 関連のピークもみられた。それぞれの製法について蛍光スペクトルを測定したところ、NV センタによるピークがみられた。

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Interspecific crosses between Delphinium elatum and D. nudicaule or D. cardinale were carried out to produce red-flowering Delphinium varieties. An in vitro germination technique was effective to produce interspecific hybrids. From 800 seeds, 379 interspecific hybrid plants were produced. The form of these hybrid plants was intermediate between that of the parents and their flower color was purplish due to the presence of delphinidin derivatives. Most of these hybrid plants were fertile. The F₁ generation was self- and sib-crossed. In the second generation, six plants with or flowers were selected from 224 plants.

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Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most important floricultural crops in the world. Although the origin of modern chrysanthemum cultivars is uncertain, several species belonging to the family Asteraceae are considered to have been integrated during the long history of breeding. The flower color of ancestral species is limited to yellow, pink, and white, and is derived from carotenoids, anthocyanins, and the absence of both pigments, respectively. A wide range of flower colors, including purplish-red, orange, red, and dark red, has been developed by increasing the range of pigment content or the combination of both pigments. Recently, green-flowered cultivars containing chlorophylls in their ray petals have been produced, and have gained popularity. In addition, blue/violet flowers have been developed using a transgenic approach. Flower color is an important trait that influences the commercial value of chrysanthemum cultivars. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate flower pigmentation may provide important implications for the rationale manipulation of flower color. This review describes the pigment composition, genetics, and molecular basis of ray petal color formation in chrysanthemum cultivars.

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Metal allergy due to accessories, dental implants, and other metal-based household products is one of the most common causes of contact dermatitis. Meanwhile, nylon, wool, and silk textile products are often dyed with mordant dyes and metal complex acid dyes that contain chromium and cobalt, which are recognized as allergic metals. In this study, elements present in 78 textile products (106 samples) made of nylon, wool, and silk were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence using a fundamental parameter method. Twenty elements were detected in one or more samples, and Cr and Co were detected in 66 and 40 samples, respectively. The Cr concentration was found to be high, and exceeded 1,000 μg/g in 49 samples, among which, five samples showed >10,000 μg/g of Cr. On the other hand, the Co concentration exceeded 1,000 μg/g in three samples, and no sample showed >10,000 μg/g of Co. Both Cr and Co were detected in dark-toned samples (black, gray, and navy blue), and were hardly detected in light-toned samples (

and ). Elution tests using seven samples which contained Cr and Co at high concentrations (>10,000 and >1,000 μg/g, respectively) were performed using artificial sweat. The Cr concentrations in acidic sweat (pH 5.5) and alkaline sweat (pH 8.0) were found to be 0.17-170 and 0.36-82 ng/mL, respectively, while the Co concentrations were found to be 0.042-130 and 0.028-130 ng/mL, respectively. The differences in the elution tendencies observed from each textile might be due to differences in the chemical structures of dyes containing Cr or Co. In the case of samples investigated in this study, it is deemed that Cr and Co are not likely to cause contact dermatitis at concentrations eluted into the artificial sweat.

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Meiosis with special reference to the chiasma frequency and interchromosomal distribution of chiasmata between the bivalents has been studied in Vinca rosea. The chiasma frequency in both and varieties is almost the same. The differential staining of chromosomes probably may be ascribed to the differential coiling of the chromosomes at different stages in the prophase. The genotypic control seems to be extended to the level of interchromosomal distribution of chiasmata. The negative correlation between bivalents in relation to the interchromosomal distribution of chiasmata may be the result of the mechanisms which control the chiasma distribution.
The authors wish to express their thanks to Mr. S. S. Chiney, Deputy Director of Statistics, Worli Dairy, Bombay for help in statistical analysis.

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The complex inclusions of Al₂O₃–SiO₂ is a common inclusion in the steel, which leads to the stress concentration in the steel products. The formation of MnS on the surface of Al₂O₃–SiO₂ could reduce the stress concentration due to the high plasticity of the MnS. In this study, the formation of MnS–Al₂SiO₅ complex inclusions is investigated at the atomic level by using first principles calculation based on the density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energy of the atoms of Mn and S on the Al₂SiO₅ (110) surface was calculated with various initial positions and sequence. The interaction among the atoms was calculated to analyze the stable structures after the adsorption of the Mn and S on the Al₂SiO₅ (110) surface. The formation of the MnS on the surface of Al₂SiO₅ was proved by analyze the structure formed by the adsorbed atoms that shows the similar tetracyclic structure of the MnS crystal.

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　近年，日本各地で大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）収穫物の中にピンク色～赤色の粒（赤色粒）が散見され，外観品質の低下が問題となっている。本研究では，大麦赤色粒から色素を抽出し，陽イオン交換樹脂による分画およびUPLC-QTOF-MS^E分析により原因色素をプロフェロロサミンAと同定した。さらに，大麦赤色粒から分離した細菌がポテトデキストロース寒天培地（PDA）に産生したピンク色素を分析したところ，同様にプロフェロロサミンAと同定された。これらの結果および以前の報告から，日本で散見されるピンク色～赤色の大麦粒はピンクシード病に感染していることを示唆している。我々は，硫酸鉄および抗真菌剤を添加した48 ウェル PDA プレートを用いたピンクシード病の簡易判別法を新たに開発した。本法は感染が明らかな粒だけではなく，曖昧な症状を示す粒においても判別が可能であった。搗精麦や米粒麦などの加工品，様々な大麦品種も判別可能であったことから，大麦の栽培・加工・流通段階においてピンクシード病由来の品質低下原因の解明に利用可能である。

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桃色系および赤色系トマト13品種の露地およびハウス栽培における果実の生育と着色ならびに色素形成について調査し, 高温期における着色特性について検討した.
トマトの開花期はハウス区が露地区より2~3日早かったものの果実の肥大, 発育状況は両区とも近似した. 果実は開花後30日に完熟果の約30%の大きさに肥大し, 40日後には約70%の大きさに, そして開花後約45日で80%の大きさに肥大した. この生育期からクロロフィルの減衰 (緑白熟期) が急速に進み, 同時にカロテン類が形成され着色 (催色期) が進行し,その後7~10日で完熟期 (開花後55日) に達した.
露地およびハウス区の完熟果の色差値a/b値は,桃色系品種で2.6~1.4, 赤色系品種で1.9~1.1を示し, 桃色系品種の値が赤色系品種よりやや高くなる特性が示された. これらの品種の露地およびハウス両区における完熟果は約70~80μg•g^-1の有色カロテン類を含有していた.
また, 色素の形成能力が高く蓄積量が多い品種ほど高温着色性が優れ, 色素の蓄積量が少ない品種は高温着色性が劣る傾向が認められた. 高温着色性が優れる品種は桃色系品種の'福寿二号', 'サターン'および赤色系品種の'Moneymaker', 'Red Cherry'であった.

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ショウガ科のGlobba 属は100 種超が知られており，熱帯アジアのモンスーン地域がその多様性の中心となっている．そのうちタイではこれまでに45 種が認められている．本稿では，新たにタイ北東部のSakhon Nakhon Province から1 新種，Globba sirirugsae Saensouk & P. Saensouk を記載した．本新種はG. barthei Gagnep. とG. bicolor Gagnep. に似るが，葉や花の形態などにより区別される．

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Currently, a large amount of data accumulated in electronic commerce (EC) sites, and it is possible to customize a marketing strategy for each customer. This study focuses on an analytical model of purchasing data cumulated on a fresh flowers EC site for their marketing analysis. On an EC site providing fresh flower products, the purchase frequency per customer is much lower than that on EC sites selling commodity products or books. Therefore, the accumulated data for each customer on an EC site providing fresh flowers are limited and it is difficult to analyze the individual preferences of each user based on their purchasing history. On the other hand, fresh flower products are characterized by their purchase for several events in an individual’s life such as birthday and funeral. Moreover, the selected colors and prices of flowers tend to be different depending on the event. In this research, we focus on the relationship between the attributes of customers and purchasing actions, making it unnecessary to analyze the purchasing behavior of individual customers. We propose the analytical model considering the relationship between the event, the color and price of flower items, and other factors. Because customers’ purchase behaviors are very diverse, the variation in the relationship may be difficult to explain using conventional methods with hard clustering, wherein each datapoint belongs strictly to one class. Therefore, we propose a new latent class model to analyze purchasing behavior data. The proposed model is expected to reveal customers’ purchase behaviors and, thus, help to develop efficient marketing strategies. Moreover, we validate the effectiveness of our proposed method by applying it to the real purchase history data on the EC site.

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