Male Wistar rats were given repeated injections of sterigmatocystin () and related compunds into the peritoneal cavity once a week for 23 weeks. Only alone produced mesothelioma in 20 of 40 rats given a total dose of 20∼25mg, while no mesotheliomas were found in rats injected O-acetyl- (AcO-) and dihydro-. There were two histological types in the mesothelioma induced by ; the epithelioid and mesenchymal types. There was little loose connective tissue between the epithelioid cell tumors, whereas abundant dense collagen fibers were found between the cell nests of the mesenchymal cell types of mesothelioma. The hepatocellular carcinomas were found in a rat treated with and in five animals given AcO-. The fact that mesotheliomas could be induced in high incidence by direct intraperitoneal application of suggests a potent carcinogenicity of . Although both dihydro- and formed fine needle-like crystals when injected into the peritoneal cavity, dihydro- could not produce any mesothelioma. Dihydro-, reduction product of , has no double bond in the terminal furan ring. Therefore, the carcinogenicity of may be related more closely with the presence of a double bond in the terminal furan ring of than the physical form in the peritoneal cavity. AcO- may easily be absorbed from the peritoneum, so that it could not persist in the peritoneum for sufficient duration for carcinogenesis.

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Autonomic innervations of the mucosa in the middle ear, Eustachian tube and pharynx were investigated by retrograde labelling of the autonomic ganglia with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Of the sympathetic ganglia, the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), middle cervical ganglion (MCG) and stellate ganglion () were examined, and of the parasympathetic ganglia, the pterygopalatine ganglion (PpG) and the otic ganglion (OtG) were examined.
1. The sympathetic innervation of the middle ear mucosa was by fibers originating in the ipsilateral SCG, but not by those originating in the MCG or . The parasympathetic innervation was by fibers originating in the ipsilateral PpG, but not by those originating in the OtG.
2. The sympathetic innervation of the Eustachian tube mucosa was by fibers originating in the ipsilateral SCG and MCG, but not by those from the ; parasympathetic innervation was by fibers originating in the ipsilateral PpG, but not by those from the OtG.
3. The epipharynx received sympathetic innervation from the ipsilateral SCG, but not from the MCG or . Its parasympathetic innervation was from the PpGs bilaterally, but not from the OtG.
4. The sympathetic innervation of the mesopharynx was from the SCG, MCG and , but the parasympathetic supply was from neither the PpG nor the OtG. Sympathetic innervation was bilateral, but predominantly from the ipsilateral side.
5. The hypopharynx resembled the mesopharynx, but had more innervation from the MCG and .

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The gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the intestinotropic hormone GLP-2 are released from enteroendocrine L cells in response to ingested nutrients. Treatment with an exogenous GLP-2 analogue increases intestinal villous mass and prevents intestinal injury. Since GLP-2 is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), DPP4 inhibition may be an effective treatment for intestinal ulcers. We measured mRNA expression and DPP enzymatic activity in intestinal segments. Mucosal DPP activity and GLP concentrations were measured after administration of the DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin (). Small intestinal ulcers were induced by indomethacin (IM) injection. was given before IM treatment, or orally administered after IM treatment with or without an elemental diet (ED). DPP4 mRNA expression and enzymatic activity were high in the jejunum and ileum. dose-dependently suppressed ileal mucosal enzyme activity. Treatment with prior to IM reduced small intestinal ulcer scores. Combined treatment with and ED accelerated intestinal ulcer healing, accompanied by increased mucosal GLP-2 concentrations. The reduction of ulcers by ED and was reversed by co-administration of the GLP-2 receptor antagonist. DPP4 inhibition combined with luminal nutrients, which up-regulate mucosal concentrations of GLP-2, may be an effective therapy for the treatment of small intestinal ulcers.

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われわれは, ヒト甲状腺腫瘍組織中に存在する Thyroglobulin (Tg) の microheterogeneity の良性および悪性腫瘍別による変化を検討することを目的とし, ヒト甲状腺腫瘍組織よりTgを精製した。その方法は, 高速液体クロマトグラフィーのシステムにより行い, 分子量66万の19および分子量33万の12Sサブユニットを簡易に分離精製した。19には2種類あり, 2ケの12Sサブユニットの共有結合によるものと非共有結合によるものがある。このうち, 非共有結合型19の12Sサブユニットへの解離には, HPLCの溶出条件としての緩衝液のpH, 分析のためのPAGEの泳動条件の関与が考えられた。しかしながら, 腫瘍組織より精製したTgの場合は, ヨウ素含量の低下にもとづく非共有結合型19の占める割合が高く, われわれの精製方法では19のみを取り出すことは難しいと考えられた。

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An isoenzyme of phenol sulphotransferase, designated P-, was purified 157-fold from male rat liver cytosol by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) and agarose-hexane-adenosine-3'-5'-bisphosphate affinity chromatography. The P- fraction obtained after DEAE-cellulose chromatrography rapidly lost its activity during storage at 4°C, however, the activity was recovered by the addition of 1.6M guanidine hydrochloride (Gndn HCl) followed by dialysis. Gndn HCl also substantially improved the yield of P- in a subsequent purification step using affinity chromatography, while the specific activity of the purified P- was not changed by Gndn HCl treatment. It is possible that the Gndn HCl treatment caused P- recovery from an inactivated to an active form rather than reactivating it for increased activity. Purified P- is a homodimer with a native molecular mass of 67kDa; the subunit molecular mass is 35kDa. Immunoblot analysis carried out with antibodies raised against the purified enzyme indicated that male rat liver contains a higher level of the enzyme than female rat liver. This enzyme is also expressed in the kidney and the atomach. P- reaches maximum activity when 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol and 4-nitrophenol are used as substrates at pH 5.5. Using dopamine as a substrate the pH optimum is about 9.0. P- activity is markedly inhibited by the addition of sodium chloride to the reaction mixture.

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To establish the molecular bases for development of a microbiological system approaching excretive fermentation of useful lipids, a mutant strain that accumulates lipids in the medium was isolated from the laboratory yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Following the mutagenesis to strain YP1, a long chain fatty acid utilizer with ethylmethane sulfonate, the mutant strain, 1, was selected from about 80,000 colonies. The analysis of extracellular lipids and the monitoring of leakage of intracellular proteins indicated that strain 1 secreted lipids containing triacylglycerols into the extracellular space without cell lysis. Genetic studies clarified that this mutation was recessive and was complemented by wild-type genomic DNA fragments. 1 was considered to be a good tool for elucidation of the molecular mechanism for transmembrane lipid transport.

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Group G Streptococcus strains isolated from patients with severe invasive infections in the period 2002–2008 were surveyed and their prevalence compared with that observed in the period 1995–2001 in Japan. Strains with genotypes

, , stc36, , and were isolated in both periods, whereas various new genotypes appeared in 2002–2008 and some genotypes found in 1995–2001 were not found subsequently, thus indicating a change in the prevalent genotyped strains causing severe invasive streptococcal infections.

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To examine whether there are any differences in the rates of HIV-spousal transmission between those who have acquired the virus through blood or through sex in central China. A total of 650 HIV-infected individuals were enrolled, 420 of them were either former commercial plasma donors or recipients of blood (blood transmission group [BTG]), and 230 had acquired HIV infection through sex (sex transmission group [

]). The spousal transmission rate of HIV was 2% per year (94/420, 11.2 years) in BTG and 8.9% per year (115/230, 5.6 years) in . There was a significantly higher transmission rate of HIV through male-to-female (11.7% per year, 84/128, 5.6 years) than through female-to-male (5.4% per year, 31/102, 5.6 years, P<0.05) in , but there was no significant gender based differences in BTG. In BTG, all HIV-1 tested were subtype B', while in , HIV-1 tested were predominantly subtypes CRF01_AE or CRF07_BC. Our results show that the HIV-spousal transmission rate was higher in than in BTG, and that there was a higher rate through male-to-female than female-to-male in .

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The stem of Akebia quinata contains saponins. Twelve spots of these saponins were found by thin-layer chromatography, and named akeboside St_a, St_b, St_c, St_d, St_e, St_f, , , St_h, St_j, and St_k. Akeboside St_b, St_c, St_d, St_e, St_f, St_h, St_j, and St_k were isolated by column chromatography. Akeboside St_b is hederagenin bonded with arabinose ; St_c is hederagenin bonded with arabinose and rhamnose ; St_d is hederagenin bonded with arabinose and glucose ; St_e is oleanolic acid bonded with arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose ; St_f is hederagenin bonded with arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose ; St_h is hederagenin bonded with arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose ; St_j is oleanolic acid bonded with arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose ; and St_k is hederagenin bonded with arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose. Akebosides and could not be separated, but seemed to be a mixture of oleanolic acid and hederagenin bonded with arabinose, glucose, and rhamnose.

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Background

The introduction of the Standard Treatment Guideline (

) for use by clinicians in hospital is intended to promote rational, safe and cost effective use of medicines in the health care system. The Nigerian National Standard Treatment Guideline (NNSTG) was introduced in 2008 and the second edition has just been recently launched (July 2017). The process of development of the entailed the participation of expert clinicians in all the subspecialties building consensus and upholding the state of the art/ standard of care with endorsement from the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH). This study evaluates the level of awareness, acceptance and use of this tool within the Nigerian Health Care System.

Methods

The study was carried out at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital , Benin City , Nigeria- a tertiary healthcare facility with over 800 beds. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to doctors in the hospital over a seven months period - January - July 2017. Information sought included the bio-data,awareness of the

, publication and use of the , the perceived advantages and disadvantages, and suggestions on how to improve its use.The findings are represented as the frequency (percentages) and Mean (SD).

Result

The response rate was 77.5%(155/200) with 104 males, aged 34.1 (SD 6.4) years. The level of awareness was 46.5% (72/155) with 21.9%(34/155) having received lessons on the subject; 53.0% (18/34) as students. Awareness of the date of the initial introduction of the

at the National level was 4.5% (7/155) with 1.3% (2/155) aware of the current edition of the NSTG. The description of the was satisfactory in 27.7% (43/155) participants. Again only 20.6% (32/155) currently use the NSTG with 12.3% (19/155) rating the entire utilization as successful.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a low awareness and poor utilization of the

among doctors in the facility which may be a reflection of the national situation. There is need to encourage the use of this clinical tool so as to ensure rational use of medicines and delivery of health care in Resource Limited Settings.

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We evaluated the flexion angle and flexor strength of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructon.
Patients included 28 males and 23 females. The average time from surgery to follow up was 1 year and 4 months. We classified the patients into three groups according to the substitute used for ACL reconstruction. In 14 cases the allogenic fascia lata was used (allo group), in 19 cases the semitendinosus tendon was solely used (ST group), in 18 cases both the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons were used ( group). The average isokinetic hamstring torque (180deg/sec) of the reconstructed knee compared to body weight was 10.5% in the allo group, it was 9.9% in the ST group, it was 9.0% in the group. These results confirmed that there were no statistically significant differences in the three group. On the other hand, flexion lag was 2.6° in the allo group, 7.2° in the ST group and 11.1° in the group. These results suggest that hamstring strength is weaker in the deep flexion position due to the fact that more hamstring tendons were harvested during ACL reconstruction.

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Two experiments were conducted to study the stereopsis in negative-contrast stereograms. In Experiment 1 five positive-contrast (P-) and negative-contrast stereograms (N-) were presented to three subjects, each of which was composed of a pair of crossed disparity squares and a pair of uncrossed disparity squares. Reaction times to detect the depth was more than 500ms longer in N-STGs. In experiment 2 different P- and N-STGs were presented in short as well as in long durations and subjects were asked to report the depth of the target against the base stimulus within the stereogram. When stimulus duration was 1000ms during which vergence change was allowed to occur, subjects could successfully detect the target depth at almost all times. However, when the exposure duration was 100ms, they could discriminate the depth of P- target but not that of the N- stimulus. These results suggest that the depth perception in N-STGs mainly depended on vergence movements.

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日機装社製人工膵施行117症例を, -11A(A群:102例), アラーム変更前の-22前期(B群: 7例), 変更後の-22後期(C群:7例)に分け, アーチファクトによるアラームの原因を検討した. 末梢静脈用18G, 16G, 中心静脈用20cm採血カテーテルでの1日平均アラーム数は, 各々約20, 10, 5回で, 末梢では採血不良による低血糖アラームが頻回であった. 大腿静脈内カテーテル留置, 鎖骨下静脈留置, 自発呼吸例, 人工呼吸例では, 各々約6, 4, 8, 3回と,大腿静脈留置や自発呼吸例で体動等が原因の血糖アラームが増加した. A, B, C, 群の比較では, 各々約5 24, 9回で, 血糖変化率アラームがB群で多く, カテーテルのフラッショ頻度減少, 鋭敏すぎる血糖変化率アラーム基準が原因と考えられた. 更に, 脱水, 凝固能亢進例では, 容易に採血ラインの閉塞, 血栓形成を生じてアラームが増加すると思われた. 【結論】カテーテルの種類, 留置部位, カテーテルフラッシュ, 血糖変化率アラーム基準, 患者の呼吸状態, 凝固能は, アラーム頻度と密接に関連すると考えられた.

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Background: Recent studies have shown that strict perioperative blood glucose management may reduce mortality and morbidity in critically ill adult patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and efficacy of the intraoperative application of a newly developed, next-generation artificial endocrine pancreas (-55, Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Methods: Twenty patients scheduled to undergo surgery were enrolled in this study. The -55 is designed to be more user-friendly than its conventional counterpart (-22) while maintaining the latter's fundamental functions, such as a closed-loop system using algorithms for insulin and glucose infusion. After anesthetic induction, a 20G intravenous catheter was inserted into a peripheral forearm vein and connected to a continuous blood glucose monitor. The resultant 105 scores for paired blood glucose values were compared by Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Stable blood glucose values were maintained automatically, and there were no complications related to use of the -55. A close correlation (r=0.96) was observed between continuous glucose measurements using the -55 and conventional intermittent glucose measurements. The difficulty of manipulation using this system was decreased by improved preparation procedures. Conclusion: The glycemic control system using the -55 could provide an alternative way to achieve effective and safe perioperative glycemic control. J. Med. Invest. 62: 41-44, February, 2015

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Females of 15 species of Japanese mosquitoes were studied to determine if they were susceptible to mouse-adapted dengue-2 virus (New Guinea C strain) by oral administration of the virus mixed with rabbit blood and sucrose. The following species were tested : Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus, Ae. (.) flavopictus, Ae. (.) riversi, Ae. (Ochlerotatus) dorsalis, Ae. (Aedimorphus) vexans nipponii, Ae. (Finlaya) japonicus, Ae. (Fin.) togoi, Armigeres (Armigeres) subalbatus, Anopheles (Anopheles) sinensis, Culex (Culex) orientalis, Cx. (Cux.) pipiens molestus, Cx. (Cux.) pipiens pallens, Cx. (Cux.) pipiens quinquefasciatus, Cx. (Cux.) tritaeniorhynchus and Tripteroides (Tripteroides) bambusa. Several hundred mosquitoes were used for each species. They were kept at 30℃ after the infection, and were stored at -80℃ after the incubation of various time length from 0 to 30 days. The detection and titration of the virus were made by the intracranial injection of a suspension pool of 10 mosquitoes in suckling mice (ddY strain). The virus was detected at varying titers from all the mosquito species immediately after the infection, but was detected after 20 days of infection only from the four species, i. e., Ae. (.) albopictus, Ae. (.) flavopictus, Ae. (.) riversi and Ae. (Och.) dorsalis, ranging from "trace" to≧(10)^<4.6> LD_<50> per pool. In more detailed studies with the positive mosquito species, the virus was found to multiply after an eclipse period of 7 to 10 days and to reach a peak titer after 20 to 30 days.

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The effects of soybean oil (SOO, control), soybean lecithin (SOL), and of sterylglycocides () and phospholipids (PL) fractionated from SOL on lipid indices in the plasma, liver, and feces were examined for male Wistar rats fed with diets containing these lipids for 3 weeks. The body weight gain and liver weight decreased or tended to be reduced in the animals given the diet containing a 5% mixture (STGM) compared with the values in the other dietary groups. The plasma lipid concentration in general declined in the rats fed with the diets supplemented with 5% SOL, STGM, or the PL mixture (PLM), and with 1% of STGM, acylated (ASTG), or non-acylated (NSTG). The triacylglycerol level was significantly depressed in the rats fed with the diets including 1 or 5% of STGM, ASTG, or NSTG when compared to the level of the SOO-fed animals. The total cholesterol and triacylglycerol contents in the liver were lower in the rats provided with the diets containing 5% of SOL, PC, or PLM than in the SOO- or STGM-diet-fed animals. The rats given the diets supplemented with 1 or 5% of STGM, ASTG, or NSTG had a decreased content of liver triacylglycerol compared with the content of the SOO-fed animals. The amounts of total lipids and total cholesterol excreted into the feces were higher in the rats fed with the diets supplemented with 5% SOL, or with 1% of STGM, ASTG, or NSTG, or especially with 5% STGM than in the SOO-fed animals. The present results suggest that suppressed the absorption of cholesterol and fatty acids in the intestines.

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We are introducing a new family of fluorine-free photoacid generators (PAGs) for use in 193 nm lithography. These PAGs are based on percyano-substituted cyclopentadienide anions and do not contain sulfonate groups. PAGs with these weakly coordinating anions generate photoacids of a similar strength as perfluroalkylsulfonic acids. Triphenylsulfonium pentacyanocyclopentadienide (TPS CN5) can be synthesized from inexpensive precursors, is stable in the presence of strong acids, has a low optical density at 193 nm and is well soluble in typical resist solvents. The performance of model resists formulated with TPS CN5 approaches that of commercially offered photoresists for the 32 nm node.

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NAVARROが開発した茎頂接ぎ木法を改良し,成苗率を更に高める方法を検討した。
まず,茎頂接ぎ木の活着率を高める方法の検討を行った。その結果,茎頂接ぎ木用台木品種はトロイヤーシトレンジが,茎頂接ぎ木の台木の生育ステージは播種後12日目の幼苗が,茎頂接ぎ木苗育成用容器のキャップはシリコン栓が,また,茎頂接ぎ木用の穂を熱処理すると高い活着率を示した。
腹接ぎの活着率を高める方法の検討を行った結果,腹接ぎ用台木品種はラフレモンが年間を通じて高い活着率を示した。茎頂接ぎ木で作出した接ぎ穂の生育ステージと腹接ぎ活着率との関係は茎頂が台木に活着した直後の穂が高い活着率を示した。腹接ぎ活着後に発生する芽枯れはBotrytis sp.による場合が多かった。
これらの点の改良によって90%以上のウイルス無毒苗の育成が可能となった。

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