In the first part of the present work the interaction of glycophorin with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is studied by freeze fracture electron microscopy, densitometry, calorimetry, and 90° static light scattering. An exothermic lipid/protein interaction energy of W_P=190 kJ•mol^-1 was found by application of the well known Van Laar relation for the displacement of the freezing point and the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. Secondly, the effects of Ca²⁺ on the lipid/protein interaction were studied. Following Ca²⁺ addition a remarkable decoupling of the interaction of the glycophorin head group with the bilayer surface was revealed by densitometry and gold-labeling electron microscopy. It is estimated that about 80% of lipid once disturbed by the adsorption of glycophorin head groups is decoupled after addition of Ca²⁺. Thirdly, the selective interaction of glycophorin with binary lipid mixtures was studied, including the mixtures of DMPC with dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC), and the mixture of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) with DLPC.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-3β,,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,6β-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, 3, and 6 did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of 1 and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Six full-length cDNAs encoding pig cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP1A1, CYP2A19, CYP2B, CYP2C33v, CYP2C49, and CYP21, were isolated and sequenced. The cDNA sequences of pig CYP1A1, CYP2A19, CYP2B, CYP2C49, and CYP21 showed high similarity to human CYP1A1 (.%), CYP2A13 (88.6%), CYP2B6 (81.1%), CYP2C18 (.3%), and (82.%), respectively, and pig cDNA showed high similarity to rat CYP2C23 (79.2%). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays revealed hepatic gene expression of all these pig CYP enzymes: the order of expression was and > CYP2C49 > CYP1A1 and CYP2A19 > . In the kidney, the gene was expressed at the same level as in the liver, but the CYP1A1, CYP2A19, and genes were expressed at lower levels than in the liver. Little renal gene expression of CYP2C49 and CYP21 was observed. We revealed for the first time the full-length cDNA sequences encoding pig CYP1A1 and five CYP enzymes belonging to the CYP2 gene family, thus making it possible to examine the gene expression levels of these CYP enzymes in pig tissues by RT-PCR.

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From the black coral Antipathies dichotoma, a sphingolipid (2S*,3S*,,)-2N-[tetradecanoyl]-(),()-icosadiene-1,3-diol (1) and a steroid ()-methylcholesta-,-diene-1α,3β,7α-triol (2) were isolated. Other known compounds, 3β,7α-dihydroxy-cholest--ene (3), (,24S),,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,-dien-3β-ol () and (,24S),,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,9(11),-trien-3β-ol (). The structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. The antibacterial activity of five compounds was evaluated.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin D₃ has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, , 6-trien-3-one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, 2, -triazoline-3, -dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The , 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin D₃ compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃, while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃.

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Callipeltin A (1) is a cyclodepsipeptide from water sponge collected at New Caledonia. This compound shows anti-HIV and cytotoxic activities against KB and P388 cells and contains three new amino acid residues. β-methoxytyrosine (β-MeOTyr) (), (2R,3R,S)--amino-7-guanidino-2,-3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (AGDHE) (), (3S,R)-3,-dimethyl-L-glutamine (diMeGln) (6). In addition, two new truncated open-chain derivatives of Callipeltin A (1), named Callipeltin D (2) and (3) were isolated. The unique structure and intriguing biological activities of this compound led us to explore total synthesis of Callipeltin A (1) and to elucidate stereochemistry of β-MeOTyr (). We started to synthesize Callipeltin (3) which contains β-MeOTyr (). In order to synthesize four stereoisomer of β-MeOTyr (), we attempted Evans anti or syn-Aldol reaction as a key step. Evans direct anti-aldol reaction with chiral benzyloxazolidinones () and p-hydroxy benzaldehyde (9) promoted by catalytic amounts of MgCl_2 in the presence of triethylamine and chlorotrimethylsilane. This proceder provide 3:1 diastereoselelctivity and 70% yield of isolated anti-aldol product (10). And Enolizalion of isocyanate oxazolidinone (13) with di-n-butylboryl trifrate and diisopropylethylamine followed by treatment with aldehyde afford syn-aldol product 14 affording 88% yield and 1: anti: sin diastereomeric ratio. On the other hand, we tried Sharpless Asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) and Aminohydroxylation (AA) to give all four stereoisomers of β-MeOTyr. Treatment of olefin (18) with AD-mix α provided diol (19) and the α position alcohol of 19 was converted to sulfone regioselectively followed by azidation and treatment of 20 with PPh_3 to afford aziridine (21). Addition of aziridine (21) and _3・Et_2O in methanol produced α-amino β-methoxy adduct (). AA reaction protocol with t-butylcarbamate was successfully applied to afford desired in single step. Now we construct Callipeltin to determine absolute stereochemistry of β-MeOTyr (). In addition, we report the synthesis of diMeGln (6) and (2R,3R,S)-3-hydroxy-2--6-trimethyl hepanoic acid (7).

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The extraction efficiencies of the double-layer centrifugal-flotation method (DCF)and the modified Baermann funnel technique () were estimated, based on the number of nematodes detected by direct examination (DE) of soil samples obtained from a sweet-porato field. Although the dead nematodes were extracted by DCF, no successful extraction of dorylamid nematodes and nematode eggs was attained. The maximum likelihood values of mean extracction efficiencies of DCF with Meloidogyne incognita larvae, Helicotylenchus spp., tylenchid-, aphelenchoid-, monhysterid-, dorylaimid nematodes, "others"(mainly rhabditid nematodes) and a total summation of all nematodes were 68.1-86.6%, 51.-62.3%, 73.7-81.0%, 56.-.7%, 18.0-46.9%, 1.9-.%, 71.1-84.%, and 66.-72.9%, respectively. Those of with above nematode groups recovered within 24 hr from the bottoms of funnel stems were 0.1-3.1%, 0.2-.9%, 6.1-20.%, 21.-42.2%, 0-74.3%, 02.-1.%, 15.6-.%, and 6.1-7.%, respectively. The efficiencies of were strikingly affected by several factors; nematode species and their stages, extraction time and temperature, and sampling seasons.

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Six new sterols, , 6α;, 9α-diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, 7α-diol (1), , 6α;, 9α-diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-3β, 7β-diol (2), , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, 7β-diol (3), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -diene-3β, , 6β-triol (), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-7, -diene-3β, , 6β, 9α-tetrol () and (24S)-ergost-7-ene-3β, , 6β, 9α-tetrol (6), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (7-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Eight new sterols, , -epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-6, -dien-3β-ol (1), 3β, , 9α-trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -dien-6-one (2), 3β, , 9α-trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en-6-one (3), 3β, , 9α, 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien-6-one (), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, -diene-3β, , 6α, 9α-tetrol (), , 9α-epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien-6-one (6), , 9α-epidioxy-3β-hydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en-6-one (7) and , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, 7β, 14α-triol (), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (9-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Four new sterols, , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-3β, 7β-diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-3β, , 6β, 7α-tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, 9(11), -triene-3β, , 6β-triol (3) and 3β, , 6β-trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en-7-one (), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. F. GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and 6) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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During the past 20 years since 1962, 2642 patients were hospitalized in the department of oral surgery of Osaka Rosai Hospital, which is correspond to .% of 29859 patients freshly referred.
1. In patients were divided into the following 6 groups: congenital malformation 1535 cases (58.10%), trauma 334 cases, (12.64%), inflammation 305 cases, (11.54%), tumor 212 cases (.02%), cystic lesion 114 cases (.45%), and others 112 cases (.25%).
2. According to the regional groups, 41.% of total cases, i.., 1089 patients were referred from Sakai areas, while a malformation was encountered predominantly in other prefectures.
3. The average day for hospitalization was 19.2 days.

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[1] The purpose of this reserch is to make clear what type of design can give good effects to win the high readership score. At the begining I had to know what factors decide the readership score, and how to change the quality of the desing into numerical value. I have used the method of multi-dimentional analysis with the help of a computer, and got the estimation formula, with 7 kinds of factors, as follows ; A^^〜=B+C+D+K+aE++cG. A^^〜=estimated values of the readership score. 1) B, C, D, K : these four factors are given as category values (so we call them); each factor is classified into several categories. B=week day, classified into 7 categories. C=pages of a newspaper, which are characterized by the kinds of articles, news, and the other reading matters, classified into categories. D=kinds of goods and trades of the advertizement, classified into 14 catedories. K=constants, given to each 13 surveys. 2) , F, G : these factors are given as numerical values. G=area of advertizement, measured by the unit of column in the whole page length, being classified into 6 kinds of area (2., 3., , 7, 10, 15) and 15 column means a whole page, about 2,000cm^2. , F are the marks obtained in the design of advertizements. =sum of the marks obtained in each design element on the advertizement. F=the marks obtained on the whole effect of the design. 3) a, b, c : coefficients Using the above formula with the category values and the coefficients, we can obtain the naked design effect from the actual value A of readership score: aE+=A-(B+C+D+K+cG). In this research, I used 1,829 data of readership score from 1960 to 1968, being obtained by 13 survevs, spring and autumn twice a year. The sample of size each survey was 3,541, 2,251, or 200 in the other 11 surveys. Multiple correlation coefficient between the estimated value A^^〜 and the actual value A is 0.951. The table 2^* shows the contribution indexes of each factor by 3 kinds of expression-(1) Range : the absolute difference between the maximum and the minimum category values, (2) Standard deviations of the category values, (3) Partial correlation coefficient : the relationship between the actual values A and each factors. *see the table 2 in the thesis in Japanese. [2] The important point was in the determination of the values of , F. is the sum of the marks obtained in each design element, classified into four kinds : =_1+_2+_3+_. design elements [table] _1, _2, _3, _, these values have the grades, as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 0 is given to the design that has no attractive effect or no applicable element. And obtain the marks of 0 to 9 grades as the sum of them. The values of F have also grades, 0 to . The principles to determine the values of , F are as follows : a) The marks obtained of , F must be the relative values among the each survey, and at the same time, they must have constancy within the same survey-the same elements of design must win the same marks obtained. b) They must be determined as to win the highest multiple correlation coefficient, when they are put into the estimation formula. c) They must be reasonable. In order to justify them, we must carry many researches on the actual condition. The frequency of accurence of each grade of , F values, as the table -, and - in the thesis in Japanese.

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In view of the significant role of the water film effect in flow failure for a liquefied sandy deposit, the mechanism of water film generation is numerically studied based on a 1-dimensional model test. The process of water film growth and decay can be simulated to a certain extent by a simple consolidation analysis, which indicates that only a small difference in permeability in layered sand is enough for a water film to develop. A 1 G shaking table test for a two-dimensional slope model with an arc of silt within a saturated sand is then addressed to discuss the dilatancy effect exerted in sheared sand during flow failure. It is possible that, once the water film is formed, the transmission of shear stress through it is interrupted, leaving the sand below free from the dilatancy ; this eventually allows the water film to stay without being absorbed during flow failure. The result of another shaking table test for a trapezoidal slope with horizontal silt seams indicate that water films beneath the seams enable the soil mass above them to laterally flow along water films very gently inclined even after shaking. If a silt seam breaks due to excessive pressure in the water film, it triggers re-liquefaction in the upper sand and leads to further instability.

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In the seismic analysis of pile foundations the soil is often assumed to be an elastic material and the pressure at the soil pile interface is not limited during the analysis. This may result in a considerable error, as the computed pressure from an elastic analysis may go well beyond the ultimate lateral pressure of real soil. In fact, significant yielding at the soil-pile interface has been observed during real earthquakes, and also in laboratory tests. The yield zone is usually near the ground surface where the effect of inertial force due to the superstructure is higher. This yielding redefines the pile response, and in general cannot be ignored. In order to examine the effects of soil yielding on the internal pile response during earthquakes an approximate analysis is described in this paper which is an extension of a static method developed by the second author (1982) for the analysis of piles subjected to lateral soil movement. This method is then used to investigate the effects of soil yielding on the internal response of piles through a comparative study in which real earthquakes are used. It is shown that for strong earthquakes and heavily loaded piles the soil yielding may considerably increase the amount of maximum pile moment developed in the pile. A marked difference in the effects of yielding on the pile moment and shear is observed and discussed.

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