Using the so-called pseudo-static method, a stability analysis was made for the mountain slide that took place at Mitake-iriya village at the time of the Izu-Ohshima-Kinkai earthquake of January 14, 1978. Undisturbed samples of volcanic clay were obtained in blocks from the exposed surface of the deposit identified to have been the sliding surface. The partially saturated clay samples were tested under consolidated undrained conditions using the triaxial test equipment. Dynamic axial stresses with irregular time histories were applied to the specimens in combination with statically sustained axial stresses to determine the soil strength under the conditions simulating in-situ states of stress during the earthquake. The results of the tests were expressed in terms of the Mohr-Coulomb type failure criterion which showed that, while the angle of internal friction remained almost unchanged, the cohesion component in irregular loading increased above values obtained in the static loading. Using the strength parameters thus determined, a pseudo-static analysis was made to check the stability of the soil masses that had actually slid during the 1978 earthquake. The maximum horizontal acceleration required to cause the slide was computed. The computed accelerations were shown to cover a range between 400 and 500 gals which is consistent with the range estimated by other investigators on the basis of overturning of tombstones in the vicinity of the slide area.

抄録全体を表示

背景と目的：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症は，積極的な治療介入が必要とされる．その第一選択薬はビスホスホネート製剤（以下ビス）であるが，近年，デノスマブ（以下デノス）も注目を浴びている．ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の骨密度に対する両者の効果を比較検討した．

方法：ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の管理と治療ガイドライン：2014年改訂版の薬物療法開始の基準を満たした患者を対象とした．無治療群（N群）と，治療介入群として当初よりビスで治療したBB群，ビス後デノスに変更したBD群，デノスで治療したDD群，デノス後ビスに変更したDB群を抽出し，ステロイド投与を開始した時，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症に対する治療を開始した時または薬剤変更から

カ月後の腰椎，大腿骨頚部と大転子部の骨密度を測定し，それらの変化を統計学的に比較検討した．

結果：149例が抽出され，その内訳は，N群48例，BB群24例，BD群

例，DD群21例，DB群34例であった．治療開始時または薬剤変更からカ月後にBD群を除くすべての治療介入群で腰椎の骨密度が上昇した．大腿骨の骨密度は，BD群において薬剤変更後に上昇に転じた．

考察：デノスにはビスと同様の骨密度上昇効果があると考えられた．

結論：デノスは，ステロイド性骨粗鬆症治療の第一選択薬となり得る．

抄録全体を表示

When a mudflow moves down a slope, the gravity induced shear stress, τ, is opposed by the combined effect of the undrained shear strength, c_u, of the mud, and its viscosity, η, which is associated with the velocity gradient in the mudflow, dv/dy. In equation form this can be expressed as : τ= c_u+η(dv/dy). The resistance provided by the mud involves the contribution of both c_u and η. For an understanding of the mobilization mechanics of mudflows, one needs then these two parameters. This study describes two methods that can be used to determine these parameters. The c_u of the muds is measured using a cylinder-strength meter devise. The technique associated with this devise consists in lowering a cylinder of known dimension and weight into a mud sample, measuring the depth of penetration of the cylinder into the mud, and calculating the strength, c_u, of the mud required to support the solid cylinder at that depth. The c_u of the mud is calculated using Sokolovski's theory designed to calculate the indentation pressures developed by a Tresca plastic when a cylinder penetrates it. The determination of the viscosity, η, of the mud is obtained from either the velocity measurements of the free surface of the mudflow, or from the difference between the velocity of the free surface of the mudflow and its velocity at the interface between the mudflow and the surface on which it moves. The viscosity η is obtained from a relationship that relates these velocities with η.

抄録全体を表示

We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MC3T3-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-3β,,-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MC3T3-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MC3T3-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (3), cholesta-3β,,-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MC3T3-1 cells were increased 3.0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, 3, and did not induce MC3T3-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C- of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MC3T3-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MC3T3-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

抄録全体を表示

Based on the assumption that an inward- or outward-directed flow perpendicular to a slope exists, this paper describes an experiment and test results. The results are compared with both traditional continuum and single-grain theories presented for the relationship between hydraulic gradient and slope angle. For the case of outward flow, the continuum theory governs the failure mechanism of the Shirasu talus deposit. The single-grain theory controls the failure process for inward flow.

抄録全体を表示

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a family of diverse DNA viruses consisting of more than 100 types and have been extensively studied as an etiological factor in benign and malignant tumors. In malignant epithelial lesions, the mechanism by which two and proteins of the high risk HPV types, HPV 16 and 18 interact with cellular factors in deregulating the normal growth of the cells, has been well described by many authors. The and proteins are consistently expressed in HPV-associated malignant tumor and binding to the p53 gene mediated by the -associated protein ligase turned out to be important. In contrast important function of was demonstrated by its binding to pRb and Rb-related proteins. The bindings under phosphorylation of these proteins was degradated by ubiquination and transcription factors of the 2 regulated cell proliferation. Overall HPV 16 DNA is able to induced modifications in the host cells and immortalizing epithelial cells by stimulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein. High risk proteins directly interacts with c-myc and c-myc/ complex activates hTERT protein expression.
The various methods for detection or cloning of HPV DNA are summarized in this manuscript. PCR method has been become an established technique for detecting a large number of HPV DNAs. In particular PCR-RFLP is a simple and useful method for identifying the specific HPV types. However many modifications of the methods have been developed. Recently clinical trials are being conducted to test the preventive efficacy of HPV vaccines, directed against HPV 16 and 18 in Japan. In the future the therapeutic efficacy of HPV vaccines are required to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV associated cutaneous carcinomas.

抄録全体を表示

Using two direct introduction methods, DNA synthesis or cell proliferation activities of three purified proteins from . coli, namely, human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins of type 16, a mutant type 16 (24 C-G) (transformation defective) and type b, were measured in mouse fibroblast, C127 cells. By a microinjection method, the order of the cell mitotic indexes for the three proteins as determined by -bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) staining was type 16, b and 16 (24 C-G). By the osmotic shock method, the ³H-TdR incorporation and coloration by (3-carboxymethoxy phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetolazorium (MTS) for the three proteins correlated with the pRb binding and focus forming activities previously reported (hunger et al. 1991). These results indicate that the simple osmotic shock method for direct protein introduction may be generally useful for transformation assays of oncoproteins.

抄録全体を表示

In order to study the effects of residual stenosis on myocardial salvage, we created % coronary stenosis with or without contrast washout delay at reperfusion in six groups of dogs. In Group A (n=8), the artery was occluded for 1h before being fully reperfused. In Group B (n=), the artery was occluded for 1h, then subjected to h of % stenosis without contrast washout delay. In Group C (n=8), the artery was occluded for 1h, followed by 1 week of % stenosis without contrast washout delay. In Group D (n=10). again the artery was occluded for 1h, then subjected to h of % stenosis with contrast washout delay. In Group (n=8). the artery was occluded for h, then fully reperfused for 1 week. Finally, in Group (n=8). the occlusion lasted for a full week. All dogs were sacrificed 1 week after occlusion. In Group A, myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity (CK) in the inner layer was 43.8±12.% that of non-infarcted myocardium. Myocardial CK in Group B (46.±.4%) was little different but in Group C it dropped to 26.±8.4%, suggesting that % residual stenosis is not deleterious if it is continued for h or less but that it will result in considerable depletion of myocardial CK, if it is sustained for 1 week. In Group D, myocardial CK dropped markedly to 11.3±3.%, little different from that for either Group (13.3±2.%) or Group (.3±3.3%). This suggests that contrast washout de-lay following % stenosis is not beneficial to myocardial salvage. Infarct size, as determined using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride as a stain was smallest for Group A (.8±3.%) and largest for Group (62.±.8%). Group B showed smaller infarct size (13.2±3.%) than did either Group D (27.0±.%) or Group (25.3±.3%). From this. we came to the conclusion that % residual stenosis without contrast washout delay is not deleterious provided it is sustained for h or less.

抄録全体を表示

Four new sterols, , -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8(14), -diene-3β, -diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-3β, , , -tetrol (2), (, 24R)-ergosta-, (11), -triene-3β, , -triol (3) and 3β, , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en--one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. . GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and ) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

抄録全体を表示

性周期における牛の末梢血中遊離estrogen測定にITTRICH螢光法を応用して次の成績を得た。
Ittrich colorの最大波長をspectrofluorometer Hitachi MPF-2AおよびType203で測定した結果,励起光538nm,螢光552.nmであった。この螢光特性は, およびにそれぞれ共通であった。実際の測定では最大波長が接近しているので感度は若干低下するが510~520nmで励起し•螢光側552•±•を読み,ALLENの補正を行なった。この条件において,および-methyletherの最少検出量は1ngであった。回収率補正の目的で加えた,-³H--17βの全過程における回収率は平均60.3±11.%であった。正常性周期を示す黒毛和種2頭の頸静脈血についてestrogenを分画測定した。その結果,両牛共,の各消長型は性周期の全期間を通じてほぼ同じ傾向を示したが,はにくらべ全般に高値であった。または検出されなかった。これらの牛のtotalestrogenは発情前期に増加し,排卵前に鋭いピーク(35.3および/l;および16.0ng/l,および83.8ng/l)を形成し,排卵後は急激に減少して最低値(3.8~/l;および/l,および3.4ng/l)を示した。黄体期の最高値(10.1および27.0ng/l;および3.4ng/l,および/l)は排卵後~8日に認めた。すなわちestrogenの血中濃度は性周期の間に2つのピークを形成することを認めた。

抄録全体を表示

A rainfall simulation device was developed to realize uniform rainfall at high g-levels in centrifuge model tests. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted on cohesive soil slopes during rainfall, and the displacement and suction of the slopes were measured. The slope exhibits a relatively shallow slide after a heavy rainfall, and exhibits a shear zone with significant deformation in the interior of the slope. The vertical displacement is significantly larger than the horizontal displacement of the slope during rainfall. The rainfall-induced displacement process can be divided into three phases: (1) small displacement, (2) rapid increase, and (3) large displacement with minor rate of increase. Strain analysis was conducted on the basis of the measured displacement, and the results showed that the rainfall-induced deformation of the slope is governed by two types of mechanisms: increasing overburden weight and softening of soil. For a point in the slope, the first mechanism occurs from the beginning of rainfall; and the second mechanism occurs only when the water infiltrates there, which is described using the wetting front. Accordingly, another term, stable front, describes a boundary of zero increment of deformation. These two fronts gradually advance into the slope with increasing rainfall and divide the slope into three zones. The middle zone exhibits the most significant deformation.

抄録全体を表示

The saponin fraction from the seeds of the tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)] was found to exhibit potent protective effects on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Five new triterpene saponins, theasaponins (1), (2), (3), (4), and (), were isolated together with 11 known saponins from the saponin fraction. The chemical structures of 1— were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the isolated saponins, theasaponins (), (), and (3) and assamsaponin C (10) showed an inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions at a dose of .0 mg/kg, p.o. and their activities were stronger than that of omeplazole. With regard to the structure–activity relationships of theasaponins, the following structural requirements for a protective effect on ethanol-induced gastric lesions were suggested; 1) the 21- and/or -acyl groups are essential for the activity, 2) acetylation of the 16-hydroxyl group reduce the activity.

抄録全体を表示

Two new partially saturated tricyclic ring systems, , a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenz [b, ] oxepins (3a and 3b), and -thiepins (4a and 4b) were synthesized. Compounds 4a and 4b were desulfurized to give a pair of isomeric 2-methylbenzoylcyclohexanes (10a and 10b). Deuterated 4a and 4b (11a and 11b) were prepared starting from butadiene- (12). The stereochemical features of 3a (trans), 3b (cis), 4a (trans) and 4b (cis) are compared with those of 10a, 10b, 11a and 11b on the basis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance data.

抄録全体を表示

11-Amino-, a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydrodibebenzo[b, ]thiepines (a-d) and -oxepines (a-d) were synthesized by the Leuckart reaction of , a, , 8, , 10, 10a, 11-octahydro-11-oxodibenzo[b, ]thiepines (1a, b)and -oxepines (2a, b) followed by hydrolysis of the reaction products 4a-d and a-d, respectively. The four diastereomers, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) a and a, cis(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11-H) b and b, trans(a-H, 10a-H)-trans(10a-H, 11a-H)c and c, and trans(a-H, 10a-H)-cis(10a-H, 11-H) d and d, were isolated and their configurations and conformations were elucidated by chemical methods together with ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses.

抄録全体を表示