We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-,,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,,6β-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol () and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and .4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, , , and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C- and/or C-6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-6.0mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.0mol%Ni-30.6mol%Mo-10.mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.mol%Mo-.mol%)+MoB=+
:L (1633K, 42.mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.mol%)+Mo=+
:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.mol%Mo-12.mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.0mol%Ni-31.6mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.0mol%Ni-.0mol%W-.0mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.mol%W-29.mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.0mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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Activity-directed isolation of the ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and n-hexane fractions of Gloiopeltis furcata resulted in the isolation of 18 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as -(-hydroxy--oxotetrahydrofuran--yl)acetic acid (1), glutaric acid (), succinic acid (), nicotinic acid (4), ()-4-hydroxyhex--enoic acid (), cholesterol (6), -hydroxycholesterol (), uridine (), glycerol (), -(hydroxymethyl)--methoxybenzene-1,-diol (10), (,)--oxodeca-,-dienoic acid (11), (Z)--ethylidene-4-methylpyrrolidine-,-dione (12), dehydrovomifoliol (13), loliolide (14), cholesteryl stearate (15), palmitic acid (16), cis-,,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (17) and α-linolenic acid (18) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. Their anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities were evaluated via inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as well as scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). All isolated compounds (1—18) exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.14—12.50 μg/ml, whereas 1, , , 17, and 18 showed mild BChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from .57—15.89 μg/ml. Although most of the compounds isolated were lacking the scavenging activity on DPPH radical and ONOO⁻, and 10 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, and , 10, and 16 showed potent ONOO⁻ scavenging activity.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), blaCMY-

2

(

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%), D₁ (

9

.

5

%), A₀ (

7

.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.

3

%) and

B2₃

(4.

2

%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.

2

%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2

. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On

% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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Brassinolide analogues, (R, 23R, 24R)-, , , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo--oxa--ergostan-6-one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (S, 23S, 24R)-, , , 23-tetrahydroxy--homo--oxa--ergostan-6-one (), were synthesized from brassicasterol (a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (, 24R)-, -cyclo--ergost--en-6-one (4) from brassicasterol mesylate (), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of 4 to (, 24R)--ergosta-, -dien-6-one (6), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy -ergostan-6-ones and .

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Eight new sterols, , -epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-6, -dien--ol (1), , , -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien-6-one (), , , -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one (), , , , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (4), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, , 6α, -tetrol (), , -epidioxy--hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -dien-6-one (6), , -epidioxy--hydroxy-(24S)-ergost--en-6-one () and , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, , 14α-triol (), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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Six new sterols, , 6α;, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-, -diol (1), , 6α;, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-, -diol (), , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, -diol (), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -diene-, , 6β-triol (4), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-, -diene-, , 6β, -tetrol () and (24S)-ergost--ene-, , 6β, -tetrol (6), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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From the black coral Antipathies dichotoma, a sphingolipid (*,*,,)--[tetradecanoyl]-4(),()-icosadiene-1,-diol (1) and a steroid ()-methylcholesta-,-diene-1α,,-triol () were isolated. Other known compounds, ,-dihydroxy-cholest--ene (), (,24S),,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,-dien--ol (4) and (,24S),,-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,(11),-trien--ol (). The structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature. The antibacterial activity of five compounds was evaluated.

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Six new cembranoids sarcophytol P (), R (4), S (), K (), F (11), and T (13) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Sarcophytol P () was shown to be the 20-hydroxy derivative of the major component sarcophytol A (1), and afforded the cyclization product 6 in CHCl_ at room temperature, in a same way as in 1. Sarcophytols R (4) and S () were correlated to 1, by conversion of its R,R and S,S epoxide derivatives. Sarcophytol K() was a 13, 14-dihydroxycembranoid having a 1,Z-diene moiety. The absolute configuration of and its 1Z,- and 1Z,Z-isomers sarcophytol () and J (10) were determined by circular dichroism study of their bis-p-dimethylaminobenzoate derivatives. Sarcophytols F (11) and T (13) were 1- and 1,Z-isomers of 1. Compound 11 showed characteristic broadening of the ^1H-NMR chemical shifts, due to the restricted conformational interconversion. Using the three cembranoids sarcophytols F (11, 1,), N (15, 1Z,Z) and T (13,1,Z), spontaneous autoxidation-cyclization, in CHCl_,was examined, in order to compare the stereochemical course of the reaction with that of 1 (1Z,), which affords trans-fused bicyclo[..0]tetradecene systems. The 1,Z-isomer 13 gave the same cyclization product 18, as in the reaction of 1, even though it is isomeric at C-1,. The 1Z,Z isomer 15 gave 19, in consequence of the reversed geometry at C- of 15. The 1,-isomer (11) gave the bicyclic product , having an antipodal fusion as compared with 19. This was confirmed by PCC oxidation of 19 and , giving enantiomeric ketones 23 and 24 respectively. The 1(14)-epoxide 26 was shown to be the immediate precursor of , and acounted for the inversion of the geometry at C-1 of the cyclization product. Compound 26 is isomeric with the epoxide 17 derived from 1. The epoxide 17 is the postulated precursor in the conversion of 13 to 18. It is noteworthy that the mode of antipodal fusion of the cyclopentane rings, in 18 and , was controlled by the chirality of the epoxy rings. The C-14 hydroxyl group participates in the transannular cyclization, but was found not to be the requisite functional group for the reaction. Similar treatment of cembrene C (30), the parent hydrocarbon of 1, also reacted in CHCl_ giving the bicyclic product 32.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-1, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the 1-hydroxy group by a reduction of the 1, -epoxide generated by epoxidation of the 1, 4, 6-trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the bond by standard methods and its protection with 1-phenyl-1, , 4-triazoline-, -dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The , -dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-1, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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Four new sterols, , 6α-epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-(14), -diene-, -diol (1), (, 24R)-ergosta-, -diene-, , 6β, -tetrol (), (, 24R)-ergosta-, (11), -triene-, , 6β-triol () and , , 6β-trihydroxy-(, 24R)-ergost--en--one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (FR.) S. F. GRAY (Polyporaceae)together with fourteen known ones (-18), of which two ( and 6) are reported for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

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A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of the cyanogenic glycosides, i. ., amygdalin (AM) and prunasin (PR), and their degradation products, i. ., benzaldehyde (BAL) and benzoic acid (), in processed foods containing ume (Japanese apricot Prunus mume Sieb et Zucc.) was developed.
The sample was extracted with 0.05M citric acid solution and cleaned up by use of a Seppak C₁₈ cartridge. The extract was chromatographed on a Capcell Pak C₁₈ SG120 column with acetonitrile-water- phosphate buffer, pH 4.0 (16: 79: ). Detection was achieved with a UV monitor set at 210nm. The peaks corresponding to AM and PR were confirmed by examination of the effect of emulsin treatment.
The recoveries from ume extract, umeboshi (dried and salted ume), umeshu (Japanese apricot wine) and ume jam fortified with AM, PR, BAL and at levels of 40-100μg/g each were 86.-100.6% (C. V. .-.%) for AM, 69.-105.% (0.-4.%) for PR, 71.-85.0% (1.-.6%) for BAL and .-99.1% (0.-4.%) for , except for AM in the ume extract and the umeboshi. AM in ume extract and umeboshi could not be determined owing to interference by contaminants.
The determination limits were 10μg/g for AM, /g for PR, and 1μg/g for BAL and , respectively.

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A single specimen of an engraulid fish, Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley, 1940) as collected from Uchinoura Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan, in January 011. The previously reported northernmost record of the species being as Taiwan, the agoshima specimen is described here as the northernmost (and first Japanese) record nown of

E

. devisi. Although the species is similar to

E

. heteroloba in having the maxilla osteriorly reaching to the subopercle, differences between the species have been unclear, ue to a lack of detailed comparisons. Comparisons of

E

. devisi with

E

. heteroloba based n 29 and 32 specimens, respectively, from the Indo-West Pacific revealed the former to ave unbranched rays in the dorsal and anal fins [vs. or (rarely) 1 in

E

. heteroloba]. ncrasicholina devisi also differs from

E

. heteroloba in having relatively fewer gill rakers: 6–46 (mode 40) on the first gill arch [vs. 44–51 (46)], 30–37 (34) on the second gill rch [vs. 33–42 (38–40)], 15– (19) on the fourth gill arch [vs. 19–25 (21)] and – (6) n the posterior face of the third gill arch [vs. – ()]. Morphometrically,

E

. devisi is eparable from

E

. heteroloba in head length [25.–27.% (mean 26.%) of standard length s. .–25.% (24.%)], first unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [0.4–1.% (1.0%) vs. 4.1– .% (.6%)], second unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [.–.% (6.%) vs. 12.–15.% 13.%)], first unbranched anal-fin ray length [0.–.1% (1.0%) vs. .–.0% (.6%)] and econd unbranched dorsal-fin ray length [.–4.% (.%) vs. .–11.0% (.6%)], and in aving the third or fourth soft ray in the dorsal fin longest (vs. second to fourth), and third o fifth soft ray in the anal fin longest (vs. second or third).

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Baeospora occidentalis is described as a new species associated with melting snow in montane coniferous forests of the western USA. The species is springfruiting and is characterized by a long tapering pseudorhiza covered with white basal rhizomorphs which extends deeply into the needle litter or woody debris. It possesses a multiallelic, tetrapolar mating system. Monokaryotic mycelia produce arthroconidia.

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This paper reports the total lipid content, lipid class composition, and fatty acid composition of the krill Euphausia pacifica collected in the northwestern Pacific Ocean near Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. The krill were caught in spring, summer, and winter in three consecutive years, 2000-2002. Lipid content of the

E

. pacifica samples was ranged from .1 to 11.6% on the basis of dry weight. Major lipid classes determined for the samples of 2002 were triacylglycerols (TAG) (.4-27.%), free fatty acids (FFA) (6.-.%), sterols (.4-12.%), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) (.4-17.%), and phosphatidylcholines (PC) (36.-53.%). All of the samples subjected to fatty acid analysis were high in 16:0 (19.0-24.% of total fatty acids), 18:1n- (.-10.0%), 18:1n- (6.-.1%), 20:n- (IPA) (15.-24.%), and :6n- (DHA) (.4-20.%). The lipids of

E

. pacifica were found to be generally rich in PC and in IPA and DHA. Lipid content and proportion of TAG were higher in the spring samples than in the summer samples. The summer samples were higher in the concentration of DHA in total fatty acids.

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