We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT- cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,-triol (). induced ALP activities of MCT- cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT- cells by , ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,-triol (), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol () were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT- cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM and 2.-fold by 10 μM . However, 2, , 5 and did not induce MCT- cell ALP activity at 0.—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at C-5 and/or C- of and played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT- cells. Furthermore, suppressed induction of MCT- cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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The correction factor (η_ie) for the ultimate bearing capacity of a footing placed adjacent to a slope, taking into account the combined effect of horizontal and vertical seismic loads, represented by horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, k_h and k_v, respectively, was derived using a modified Janbu's slice method. The influence of slope angles ‘α’ on the values of ‘η_ie’ are studied here. It was found that the values of η_ie can be expressed as an exponential function of ‘k_h/(-k_v)’ and ‘α’, with a measurable interdependency between ‘α’ and ‘η_ie’. The influence of ‘α’ on the value of ‘η_ie’ increases as the input value of ‘k_h/(-k_v)’ increases. Equations derived based on the analytical results are proposed to account for this effect. Based on the analyses of 11 near-fault seismographers obtained in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, a ratio between the vertical and the horizontal seismic coefficients, λ, of between ±0.25 is suggested for including the combined effect of vertical and horizontal seismic forces in evaluating the seismic bearing capacity of footings located in near-fault areas.

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At present, analytical or empirical formula for seismic bearing capacity of footings adjacent to slopes is not available. This study uses a pseudo-static-based approach in conjunction with rigorous Janbu's slice method to derive analytical values of seismic bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and correction factors for the effects of inertia of soil mass and load inclinations for a rigid footing adjacent to cohesionless slopes. It is shown that both the bearing capacity factors (N_γ) and the correction factors for the seismic bearing capacity of footings placed on level ground derived herein are comparable with those reported in the literature. Empirical equations regarding the effects of slope angles and load inclinations, expressed using generalized forms of those proposed in the literature, are also derived. It is also found that the empirical equations derived in the present study provide values of correction factors in good agreements with the analytical ones, indicating the validity of using these empirical equations for assessing the bearing capacity of rigid footings situated on the slope subjected to pseudo-static seismic loading.

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Chemical properties of ergosta-, , 8(14), -tetraen--one () were investigated. Though is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give , -epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-, 7, -trien--one (2), which is transformed successively to , 7α;8α, -diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-, -dien--one () and 14α-hydroperoxy--hydroxyergosta-, 7, -triene-, -dione () under these reaction conditions.

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (R, 7, R)--hydroxy-megastigma-, 7-dien--one--O-β-D-glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in -D applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to -D is straightforward.

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Fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) have been analyzed for a unique sample of Ophiuroidea (brittle star) Ophiura sarsi containing novel nonmethylene-interruped (NMI) fatty acids, ,-icosadienoic (20:2), ,,17Z-icosatrienoic (20:), ,,19Z-docosatrienoic (:), and ,,,19Z-docosatetraenoic (:) acids. All of the NMI fatty acids were concentrated in NL (mainly triacylglycerols) rather than in PL (mainly phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines). On the other hand, ,,12,15,18,21-tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:n-) usually observed in Ophiuroidea lipids was found in PL at higher concentration than in NL. Biological property and origin of the novel NMI fatty acids appear to be different from those of 24:n-.

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Chemical synthesis of (, 24R)- and (, 24S)-, 24-dihydroxy--vitamin has been achieved starting with the commercially available dinorcholenic acid acetate. Synthesis involved introduction of the -hydroxy group by a reduction of the , 2-epoxide generated by epoxidation of the , , -trien--one. The side chain on the steroid was then constructed by means of a Wittig reaction followed by introduction of the Δ⁷ bond by standard methods and its protection with -phenyl-, 2, -triazoline-, 5-dione. Subsequent reduction of the hydroxy groups in the steroid side chain followed by reduction of the Diels-Alder addition products yielded the both 24-isomers. The 5, 7-dienes were irradiated and the corresponding vitamin D compounds isolated. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to identify individual isomers. The (, 24S)-, 24-hydroxyvitamin compound bound equally well to the chick intestinal cytosol receptor as , 25-dihydroxyvitamin , while the 24R-isomer was approximately ten times less active. In vivo, both isomers were less active than , 25-dihydroxyvitamin ; however, the 24S-isomer was considerably more active than the 24R-isomer approaching the activity of , 25-dihydroxyvitamin .

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Eight new sterols, 5α, 8α-epidioxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-, -dien--ol (), , 5α, -trihydroxy-(, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -dien--one (2), , 5α, -trihydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en--one (), , 5α, , 14α-tetrahydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien--one (), (, 24R)-ergosta-7, -diene-, 5α, , -tetrol (5), 5α, -epidioxy--hydroxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-7, -dien--one (), 5α, -epidioxy--hydroxy-(24S)-ergost-7-en--one (7) and 5α, -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-, 7β, 14α-triol (8), have been isolated from five edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Hypsizigus marmoreus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pholiota nameko together with fifteen known ones (-23), of which two (16 and 17) are reported for the first time from a fungal source. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), blaCTX-M-

3

(16), blaCTX-M-

1

(15), blaOXA-

1

(

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (

3

) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group

A₁

(35.8%), followed by group D₂ (

22

.

1

%), B

1

(15.8%),

D₁

(

9

.5%), A₀ (7.

4

%),

B2₂

(5.

3

%) and B2₃ (

4

.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr,

qnrS1

and qnrB10 were detected in 25.

3

, 10.5 and

1

.

1

% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.8% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25b:ST131/B2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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A procedure for limit equilibrium slope analysis based on a realistic consideration of the mobilized interslice shear forces is presented in this paper. This new approach ensures that solutions are kinematically admissible and the possibility of convergence problems, often associated with numerical solutions, is minimized. The proposed approach recognizes the importance of slip surface geometry in estimating interslice shear forces whether vertical or non-vertical slices are used in a limit equilibrium analysis. Illustrative examples are presented and the results shown to be reasonable. The calculated factors of safety based on the new method compare very well with values based on recognized methods of analysis. Yet the method is more direct and enables a proper visualization of the transfer of mobilized normal and shear forces through a sloping soil mass above a potential slip surface. The method also gives consistent results with non-vertical slices even if the shape of non-vertical slices is varied.

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Two new polyacetylene compounds (, , 12)--acetoxy--isovaleryloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-8, 10-diyn-14-ol (B), and (, , 12)--acetoxy--(2-methylbutyryloxy)tetradeca-, , 12-trien-8, 10-diyn-14-ol (C) have been isolated along with (, , 12)--acetoxy--senecioyloxytetradeca-, , 12-trien-8, 10-diyn-14-ol (A) from Atractylodes Rhizome (Karabyakujutu). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of their spectral data.

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(,)-2,-エポキシ-,7,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,-ジエン(2)をフムレン((2,,)-,7,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-2,,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,2の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,2の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,2を高牧率でから合成することができたので報告する.のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド(8)は二価のチタンにより還元されて,(273%)と8(25%)と少量のを含む2を主生成物(42.7%)として与えた.とは原料として再利用できる.2の精製はと同様硝酸銀()錯体の結晶で行い,純粋な2はから通算牧率32.0%で得られた.2の既知方法による合成は段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しい2の合成法は2段階の反応で回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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Six new sterols, 5α, ;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-, 7α-diol (), 5α, ;8α, -diepoxy-(, 24R)-ergost--ene-, 7β-diol (2), 5α, -epoxy-(, 24R)-ergosta-8, -diene-, 7β-diol (), (, 24R)-23-methylergosta-7, -diene-, 5α, -triol (), (, 24R)-23-methulergosta-7, -diene-, 5α, , -tetrol (5) and (24S)-ergost-7-ene-, 5α, , -tetrol (), have been isolated from seven mushrooms, Amanita pantherina, Amantia virgineoides, Lactarius piperatus, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma portentosum, Hypsizigus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes together with eighteen known ones (7-24). The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data.

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百歳以上高齢者32名を非痴呆群と痴呆群に分類し, 等電点イムノブロッティング法によりアポ 表現型を測定した。非痴呆群は21名 (65.%), 痴呆群は11名 (34.%) で全例アルツハイマー病 () であり, 後者の平均発症年齢は97.5歳と超高齢であった。アポ表現型は, 痴呆群で/ (α%), / (I%) のみ出現し, 非痴呆群と比較して有意差が認められず, 百歳以上高齢者においてアポ表現型と発症との間に関連を認めなかった。アポ遺伝子の解析は, ε2, ε出現の痴呆発症における関与は否定的であり, アポε2が痴呆群で検出されなかった。

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