人は自らの情動を表出したいという願望を持っているが、その実施は困難であったり、社会的な問題を引き起こすことも多い。表出筆記とは、自らの感情を包み隠さず自由に書き表すことを指し、これは、制約下がある多くの状況においても行なうことができる。本論文は、筆記開示とその心身の健康に及ぼす効用についてこれまでの研究を概観していく。自らの感情を筆記することは、健常群でも臨床群でも心身の健康に効果をもたらすことが示されている。この効果は、文化を超えて、また幅広い参加者において繰り返し報告されている。本論文後半では、効果が生じるメカニズムと開示の弊害、そして新たな試みについて論じる。開示を行なうと、一般に短期的なストレス反応が生じた後、長期的な改善効果が見られる。このような開示の効果のメカニズムについては、現在までに、複数の見解が提案され研究が進められている。近年では、筆記開示は新たなテクノロジーと組み合わされて、様々な場面に適用され始めている。

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化粧に関する心理学的研究は，1980年代から盛んになってきた．化粧は慈しむ化粧（スキンケア）と飾る化粧（メーキャップ・フレグランス)に大別されるが，感情に及ぼす影響に関する研究は，そのいずれもが高揚と鎮静をめぐるものであった. 喩えるなら，メーキャップによって心を固く結んで「公」の顔をつくって社会に飛び出し，帰宅後にはメーキャップを落とし，スキンケアをすることで心の結び目を解いて「私」の顔に戻るのである．すなわち，化粧は日常生活に組み込まれた感情調節装置である．

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両性イオン型高分子をレーヨンに混合紡糸した臭気物質のための新規な繊維状吸着材を試作し，水溶性臭気物質に対する吸着・除去特性を調べた．アンモニアに対する吸着特性を調べたところ，本繊維状吸着材は，繊維母材であるレーヨンと比較して明らかに大きい吸着量と吸着速度を示した．また，消臭加工繊維製品認証試験に従った減少率評価試験を行ったところ，本繊維状吸着材は酸やアミンに対して高い減少率を示したが，アルデヒドや硫化水素に対しては低い値であった．これらの結果から，本繊維状吸着材の吸着機構は，吸着材表面に形成される水和層への分配と両性イオン型官能基への静電的相互作用であることが示唆された．さらに，本繊維状吸着材の再利用の可能性について調べたところ，酢酸に対しては水洗浄により再生可能であることが判った．本検討の結果，本繊維状吸着材は水溶性でかつイオン性を有する臭気物質の吸着・除去に適用可能であると考えられた．

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においに対するヒトの感覚強度は，加齢とともに変化することが確認されており，高齢者では徐々に感度が低下する．一方，においの質の違いを嗅ぎ分けるような識別力は，においの種類によって結果に違いが生じる．例えば，食品は身近で日常的に慣れ親しんでいるものであり，そのにおいとそうでないにおいとでは，馴染みのあるにおいのほうが識別率は高い．また，においに対する嗜好には，生活環境や習慣が関与する．ここでは，においに対する識別や嗜好の様子から，においがヒトの認知機能にどのような関わり方をしているのか考えてみたい．

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本研究では，都市ガスの臭質カテゴリーを用い，現行の付臭剤および付臭剤候補の臭気の反復提示が臭質カテゴリーへの適合度評定に用いられるテンプレートの様相に及ぼす影響について検討した．実験協力者は，異なる提示スケジュールで臭気の反復提示を経験した後に各臭気における「都市ガスのニオイ」という臭質カテゴリー名に対する違和感評定課題を実施するつの反復提示あり群，もしくは違和感評定課題のみに参加する反復提示なし群のいずれかに振り分けられた．違和感評定値に基づいて，群ごとに実験協力者を更に新規付臭剤敬遠群（以後，敬遠群）と新規付臭剤受容群（以後，受容群）に分割し， 3群間で敬遠群と受容群の人数分布を比較したところ，臭気の反復提示により両群の人数分布は変化し，敬遠群が受容群に変容する可能性が示唆された．従って，臭気の反復提示後には臭質カテゴリーへの適合度評定に新たなテンプレートが用いられる可能性が示された．

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The Japanese macaque is an endemic species consisting of two subspecies: Macaca fuscata fuscata (MFF) and Macaca fuscata yakui (MFY). The MFY is indigenous to Yakushima Island and represents a subspecies of MFF that lives from Honshu to Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan. However, the differences in the skulls of the MFY and MFF are unknown, despite these subspecies having different skull sizes. The maxillary sinus (MS) indicates that the features of the frontal view reflect the transversal growth of the maxilla of the skull. In this study, we show the MS structures of the MFF (n = , 18 sides) and MFY (n = 10, 20 sides) using a cone-beam computed tomography instrument. Base on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images the MS and nasal cavity were found to present almost to no significant differences between MFF and MFY. However, we designated three classifications of the sinus floor based on the 3D MS images of these Japanese macaques: a round-like shape (type a, MFF = 66.7% (12/18), MFY = 45% (/20)), a flat-like shape (type , MFF = .% (4/18), MFY = 35% (7/20)), and an irregular shape (type , MFF = 11.1% (/18), MFY = 20.% (4/20)). The sinus floor shapes of the MFF were mostly type a, while those of the MFY were mostly type . The prevalence of a root contacting the cortical bone is higher in the canine (26.7%, (8/30)) and second premolar (20%, (6/30) of the MFY at the nasal cavity, moreover, this value is higher in the third molar (42.%, (/21)) of the MS in the MFY. These results suggest that the features of the floor of the MS are related to the differences in maxillary root apices teeth between MMF and MMF.

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A study was conducted on olive oils extracted from olives collected in South West Calabria (Southern Italy) over three harvest years 2010-2011-2012. Three autochthonous cultivars were considered: Cassanese, Ottobratica and Sinopolese and seven allochtonous cultivars: Coratina, Itrana, Leccino, Nocellara Messinese, Nociara, Pendolino and Picholine. Thin Layer Chromatography – Gas Chromatograph (TLC-GC) technique permitted the separation and analysis of the fatty alcohol compounds. A general decline in fatty alcohol content was found during the three months of sampling, most evident in hexacosanol. Pendolino showed the greatest decline. A less evident decrease was measured in the odd chained fatty alcohols, mainly in heptacosanol. Both harvest date and cultivar significantly influenced the fatty alcohol content. This is the first report about the fatty alcohol variation during ripening in olive oil produced in South West Calabria (Southern Italy).

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Osteoporosis is leaving bones more fragile and susceptible to fracture. It has a massive impact, both physically and mentally, markedly diminishing quality of life. A new form of therapeutic exercise or physical therapy that mitigates the abrupt decrease in bone density in postmenopausal women must quickly be developed to avoid those problems. In this study, ovariectomy (OVX) mice were used as models to simulate the decrease in bone density observed in postmenopausal women. Physical therapy via a shaking stimulus, in the form of moving a platform that rotates in a roughly circular motion in the horizontal plane, was studied as a way to prevent the decrease in bone density of the lumbar vertebrae by analysis of bone histomorphometry, a feat that the stimulus from conventional therapeutic exercise and physical therapy have failed to achieve. Comparison of the stimulus/ovariectomized (+/+) group with the -/+ group indicated significant increases in ES (P < .01), N. Mu. Oc (P < .05), OV (P < .05), O. Th (P < .01), and L. Th (P < .01) in the +/+ group. If this finding is used clinically, we believe that it could lead to therapy that would prevent compression fractures of the lumbar vertebrae.

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This study was conducted in order to examine the effects of early postnatal maternal separation stress on the age-dependent fluctuations in the expression levels of neurotrophic factor ligands and receptors in the developing cerebellum. Wistar rats were separated from their mothers for 3 h each day during postnatal days (PND) 10 to 15. The expression level of mRNA for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkB), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and type-1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) were evaluated in the cerebellum on PND16, 20, 30, and 60 with real-time RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of cerebellar BDNF in maternally separated rats were increased on PND16, while the other variables showed no significant alterations at any of the time points examined. However, the effects of an identical maternal separation on the cerebral cortex were previously reported to be completely different. These results indicate regional differences in the responses of neurotrophic factor ligands/receptors between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Given that neurotrophic factors play important roles in brain development, alterations in these factors may interrupt normal brain development and ultimately, lead to functional disruptions.

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日本人は昔から毎日の入浴習慣があり， 体臭も比較的少なく，香りは控えめのものを好む傾向があった．しかし近年，香水や様々な海外製品に触れる機会が多くなったことや食べ物も欧米化したことなどから，香りの嗜好が多様化していることがうかがえる．香りを嗅いでリラックスやリフレッシュをしたい，香りで楽しく幸せな気分で家事をしたいなどのニーズがあらわれてきている．本稿では，重要な役割を占めるようになってきたトイレタリー製品の香り開発事例について報告する．

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In 2006, Bleichenbacher presented a new forgery attack against the signature scheme RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_. The attack allows an adversary to forge a signature on almost arbitrary messages, if an implementation is not proper. Since the example was only limited to the case when the public exponent is 3 and the bit-length of the public composite is 3, 072, the potential threat is not known. This paper analyzes Bleichenbacher's forgery attack and shows applicable composite sizes for given exponents. Moreover, we extend Bleichenbacher's attack and show that when 1, 024-bit composite and the public exponent 3 are used, the extended attack succeeds the forgery with the probability -16.6.

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In 2006, Bleichenbacher presented a new forgery attack against the signature scheme RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_. The attack allows an adversary to forge a signature on almost arbitrary messages, if an implementation is not proper. Since the example was only limited to the case when the public exponent is 3 and the bit-length of the public composite is 3, 072, the potential threat is not known. This paper analyzes Bleichenbacher's forgery attack and shows applicable composite sizes for given exponents. Moreover, we extend Bleichenbacher's attack and show that when 1, 024-bit composite and the public exponent 3 are used, the extended attack succeeds the forgery with the probability -16.6.

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The prostate is an exocrine gland in the male reproductive tract that secretes seminal fluids. To gain insight into the cytochemical properties of prostatic epithelial cells, the characteristics of glycoconjugates in mouse prostate sections were examined by lectin histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Characteristic staining patterns were observed, depending on the type of lectins present in the epithelia. Luminal cells reacted specifically with mannose-binding lectins (Galanthus nivalis lectin, Hippeastrum hybrid lectin, Narcissus pseudonarcissus lectin) and Maclura pomifera lectin in all lobes of the prostate. Luminal cells also expressed galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and fucose residues in the lateral and ventral lobes. Basal cells expressed GlcNAc and fucose, and reacted with Datura stramonium lectin and Aleuria aurantia lectin in all lobes. These results indicate that in the mouse prostate, the selectivity of lectin-binding sites for distinct cell types and lobe-dependent staining may relate to cellular and regional differences in function. Furthermore, some lectins selectively bound to prostatic epithelial cells, indicating their potential use as markers for the histopathological evaluation of prostatic diseases, cancer diagnosis, or male infertility.

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The prostate is a male accessory genital gland that plays an essential role in reproductive function. To understand the cytological characteristics of differentiating prostatic cells, we used lectin histochemistry combined with immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of lectin-binding sites on prostatic cells during postnatal development in the mouse. During postnatal development, Hippeastrum Hybrid Lectin (HHL) lectin reacted consistently with the luminal cells of all prostatic lobes (regions), whereas the Ricinus Communis Agglutinin I (RCA-I) and Soybean Agglutinin (SBA) lectins showed remarkable differences with age, region, and cell type. We found that the lectin-binding pattern in differentiating prostatic cells acquired adult characteristics around 3 weeks after birth. The results indicate that prostatic cell differentiation during postnatal development in mice is characterized by the presence of cell- and region-specific lectin-binding sites in the prostate, suggesting that there may also be cellular and regional differences in their function. Furthermore, some lectins (HHL, RCA-I, and SBA) could provide useful markers for research into cell differentiation and for the pathological evaluation of prostatic diseases or in the diagnosis of male infertility.

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 SKYNET is an international research network of ground-based Prede sky radiometers for the observation and monitoring of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in the atmosphere. The algorithm developed by SKYNET is SKYRAD.pack, which can be used to process the measurement data of Prede instruments. In this study, the latest SKYRAD.pack software (Version .) has been used to retrieve the aerosol optical properties measured by a SKYNET Prede sky radiometer over an urban site of Beijing, China. Continuous data have been processed over a two-year period, and inversion products, including aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångström exponent (α), volumes of different aerosol particle size distributions, and single-scattering albedos (SSA), have been analyzed.
 AOD values were found to vary from .11 (th percentile) to 1.14 (th percentile) with a median of .34 at 500 nm, and the maximum and minimum seasonal α values in Beijing were 1.05 ± .36 in summer and .82 ± .39 in spring. SSA values are higher in summer and spring with a similar value of .96 ± .03, but lower in winter with a value of .93 ± .04 at 500 nm. Aerosol particles in Beijing clearly demonstrated bimodal size distributions throughout the year: there were coarser particles in spring and finer particles in summer. The α values increased with AOD, indicating that fine particles play an important role in the optical properties of aerosols in Beijing. Dust type aerosol occurrence accounted for 4.1 %, .1 %, . %, and 1. % of all measurements data in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, according to the dust criteria threshold (α < .47 and SSA_{400 nm} - SSA_{1020 nm} < .018).

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本研究では，色と香りの印象的次元における調和性を検討した．まず，色や香りの印象的次元の抽出と調和関係を検討した．その結果，印象的次元としてMILD，CLEARの次元が得られ，これらを変数として調和予測式を構成した．次に，色と香りの調和，不調和ぺアを用いて組み合わせによる効果を検討した．そこから，調和ぺアでは，色，香りの本来の印象が強調されること，調和ぺアの方がストレス緩和効果が高いことが分かった．以上を踏まえ，調和予測式を可逆的に確かめた上で，色と香りの調和モデルを提案した．

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In general, a change in the total cloud amount (TCA) affects the solar irradiance at the surface as a result of on-the-way reflection of solar radiation. The amount of global solar radiation (GSR) increased globally after .a. 1990, and this increase resulted from a decreases in the TCA and an increases in atmospheric transparency. Here we present the TCA and GSR trends categorized by the TCA for 33 years in Japan (from 1974 through 2006) on the basis of simultaneous observation from 53 weather stations. These trends are calculated using data obtained on a daily basis. The results averaged across Japan show that both GSR and TCA are increasing at the rate of .% and 1.% per decade, respectively. In most of Japan (regions further north than Kyushu), a high GSR increase rate mostly appears with a large TCA. This fact cannot be accounted for by the increase in the atmospheric transparency alone. There are two possible causes for increases in GSR and TCA in Japan: a change in cloud appearance frequency against the solar zenith angle and a decrease in cloud optical thickness.

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To study the inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by an acute noxious stimulation of oral mucosa with % formalin (%FOR), we performed an immunohistochemical study on the expression of TNFá in the intermolar region of the dorsal lingual eminence (IDLE), and Iba1 and phosphorylated (phospho)- p38 MAPK involved with central nervous system microglial activation in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). The present study observed significantly increased expression of TNFá at either 1h or 24h of %FOR nociception, as well as sustained TNFá immunoreactivity in the IDLE. On the other hand, at either 1h or 24h %FOR nociception, Iba1- immunoreactive (IR) cells in the Vc were significantly increased after inflammatory stimulation of the IDLE; the increase was more evident at 24h %FOR nociception. By using the double-label immunofluorescence technique, the findings in particular demonstrated a significant increase in the number of phospho-p38 MAPK- and Iba1-IR coexpressed cells in the Vc at 24h %FOR nociception. The results suggest that 24h persistent microglial activation in subnuclei zonalis and gelatinosus of the Vc is evoked by %FOR noxious stimulation of the IDLE oral mucosa, thereby the present study indicates that the MAPK expression plays important roles in microglial activation related with central sensitization and inflammatory hyperalgesia.

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Due to author’s request, words in this article are corrected

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