'Developmental State' aims for rapid economic development through states' interventive policies. These states have two characteristics; they have effective and efficient bureaucracies; they have so-called 'pilot agency' with 'embedded autonomy', coordinating between stakeholders and making policies. South African government aims to establish a developmental state in its policy paper, National Development Plan, published in 2013. This article asks the following question: What is the South African obstacle to establishing a Developmental State? Existing literature points out that South Africa lacks a pilot agency. However, they do not analyse the country's bureaucratic capacity. This paper traces the process of civil service reform in South Africa after Apartheid and evaluates the outcomes. It contributes to fulfilling the vacuum of existing literature. The government has permitted political appointments to redress the inter-race relations after Apartheid. However, it would have possibly weakened the bureaucratic capacity. Simultaneously, the government has also introduced audits and monitoring systems to calm the harmful effects of political appointment. As a result, the institutional capacity of the country has gradually developed. The 'State Capture' scandal under the Zuma administration, however, paralysed these systems. The Ramaphosa administration tries to unveil the 'State Capture' and rehabilitate the state apparatus's capacity. Now, the political appointment of bureaucrats in South Africa faces a critical juncture.

The Swahili words ndiyo “yes” and hapana “no” are common words. It is not difficult to analyze hapana as ha-pa-na (Neg-SPr.cl.16-with). Its original meaning is “The place does not have.” In contrast, ndiyo cannot be analyzed easily with knowledge of modern Swahili. However, in Nyoro and other Bantu languages of western Uganda, Ndíyô. “I am there. I am around.” is often heard as a response to Olíyô? “Are you (sg.) there? Are you (sg.) around?” Its structure is: n-ri-yó (SPr.1per.sg-be-there), in which -yó is a locative clitic. It is my reasoning that once Swahili also had the word ndiyo which originally meant “I am there. I am present.” It was taken, when the need appeared, to indicate affirmation “yes” due to unclearness of the morphophonemic alternation -li/-di, restrictive use of the defective verb -li, and nonuse of -yo as a locative clitic. These three factors combined are likely to have led to unanalyzability of the form, which acquired the meaning “yes”.

The purpose of the workshop was to introduce the Medical ZAIRAICHI Network, which we are establishing as an international interdisciplinary collaboration to understand how local people prevent, treat, and take care of patients with diseases, and maintain health while embracing both modern biomedical and local practices that encompass knowledge, resources (healing, treating, and caring) and skills. The keynote speakers and oral presenters spoke about their perspectives on medical ZAIRAICHI and their research studies in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, and Malawi. Discussions included Medical ZAIRAICHI's multiple aspects in health care, such as biomedical sciences, interaction with animals and the environment, health-care systems and ethical issues, and socio-cultural environment. In each research field, we need to make sure that we consider the question of how people perceive the body and the causes of health problems, prevention, and caring modalities. Based on this knowledge and resources, we can create a balanced knowledge base for safe, feasible, and sustainable health options through interdisciplinary collaboration. We need to remain open to consultation and feedback from local perspectives. Only then can we develop health education content for communities, schools, and patients and consider the effective distribution of health education using Information and Communication Technology (ICT).