現代社会では福祉国家の概念は多くの先進諸国に広く行き渡っているが、一方でこれは、人の移動を伴うグローバル化が進むなかで、本国以外の人々の福祉をどうするかという課題を提起した。歴史的に多くの移民を受け入れてきたオーストラリアは早くからこの問題に直面し、移民のための福祉の発展に取り組んできたといえる。本稿では、オーストラリアの移民の福祉サービスの中で、特に重要な役割を果たしてきた機関である移民資源センターを取り上げる。センターは、政府の多文化主義の導入当時から今日に到るまで、コミュニティを基本とした福祉サービスの中核となってきた。しかし、一方でセンターの目的や機能が不明瞭という声もあり、それぞれのセンターの実態はあまり知られていない。また近年の経済不況下の政治的社会的な変化、とくに現在の保守系連立政権下の移民政策の大幅な変化は、センターの活動に影響しているだろうと思われた。したがって、これらの疑問に応えるために、各センターのケーススタディをすることが有効なアプローチであると考えた。新規移民の数が近年もっとも多く、全国のセンターの約3分の1を占めるニューサウスウェールズ州のシドニーに焦点を絞って、おもに面接訪問及び文献調査の方法によってケーススタディを行った。調査結果において、センターの具体的な輪郭が、5つの側面(1方針、2地域性、3サービス、4職員、5職員のセンター改善に関する意見)から明らかになった。すなわち、すべてのセンターが社会正義やアクセスとエクイティの方針に沿って活動を発展させてきたこと、センターの言語サービスはその地域の新規移民割合の高い国の人々の言語と対応していること、職員については福祉だけではなく多種多様な経歴をもった人々が関わっていること、多くのセンターが人材と資金不足を感じていること等がわかった。また、設立年次の新しいセンターと古いセンターはサービスの展開に違いがあるが、主に共通するサービスはコミュニティ開発事業、就職支援、難民および人道的見地からの入国者への支援であった。さらに最近の政策変化の影響については、多くのセンターが現政府による福祉サービスの後退を嘆き、いくつかの困難に直面していたことがわかった。特に移民への社会手当の待ち期間延長によって、センターの就職支援サービスの役割が増し、また従来センターが担ってきたコミュニティワークの役割を個別的直接的ケースワークへ移行するように迫られていた。しかしセンターの資金不足と人材不足の現状では、政府の目指す質のよいサービスを展開することは難しく、またセンターの役割は、コミュニティワークの分野を発展させることに意義があるのではないかと思われた。

抄録全体を表示

The Grant-in-Aid Scheme is administered by the Department of Immigration within its framework of Australian migrant settlement and multicultural policy. The Scheme gives grants to migrant welfare organizations so that they can employ workers to help migrants in their quick and effective settlement into Australian society. Although migrant organizations were not the prime grantees at the beginning of the Scheme in 1968, their role in migrant settlement was recognized after the adoption of Australia's multicultural policy in the 1970's when racial barrier in immigration was abolished. As a result, grants to the migrant welfare organisations increased considerably.Increases in grants to migrant organizations were aimed at promoting migrants' "self-help", one of the principles of multiculturalism in its early stages. A review of the multicultural policy in the mid-1980's revealed a number of problems with the self-help principle. The Scheme was adjusted in line with the revised principles of the multicultural policy itself. The cornerstones of the revised policy, defined in the 1989 National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia, were `cultural identity', 'social justice', and `economic efficiency'. Grant-in-Aid Scheme was re-defined as promoting `social justice' by helping migrants to have equitable access to government services and by giving them a suite of information considered necessary for their new life in Australia. In doing so, the Scheme effectively utilized Australia's extensive network of migrant organizations.The significance of the Scheme is that migrants are not only the object of assistance for settlement,but also their potential role and effectiveness in Australian society is widely recognized. The inclusion of the non-government sector for the welfare of migrants is one of the characteristics of Australian migrant settlement policy that emanated from the ideals and principles of multiculturalism introduced in the 1970's. Australia's experience in migrant settlement can be a useful example in the current era of international movement of human beings.

抄録全体を表示

Learning from an Aboriginal historian's story-telling, this paper aims to explore the reality' of Australian Aboriginal past. Drawing upon field research with the Gurindji people of Daguragu, Northern Territory, the study explores ways of presenting and interpreting Aboriginal historians' teachings. It explore how we can use the Aboriginal method of historical interpretation. The paper is based on story of the origins of Europeans as told to me by Jimmy Mangayarri of the Daguragu.According to the Gurindj i people, the first European was Jacky Pantamarra. He came out from monkey' and bred white people in England. Jacky Pantamarra wrote a book/law for Europeans that contained a lot of `silly ideas'. He claimed Australia as his country and commanded Captain Cook to invade it and kill the Aboriginal people.The question is: how can non-Aboriginal people share the reality of this mysterious story of Jacky Pantamarra with the Gurindji historians? We need to investigate the distance and relation between the Gurindji analysis of Australian history and the academic way of historical interpretation. The paper emphatically rejects the idea that academic historians know the `right history' and that Aboriginal people are telling the wrong history'.Two forms of examination are required: translation and interpretation. Firstly, this study attempts to translate their history' into our history' by discussing the historicity' of the story of Jacky Pantamarra.Evolutionary theory, Dutch explorers, dingo/crocodile hunters as well as racial separatism in cattle stations are considered the `historical background' of Jacky Pantamarra. Secondly, the paper interprets their history' within their own cultural modes of practice. Aboriginal historians' narratives are framed according to the logic of their own ontology and cosmology, or their `time-space concept of Dreaming'.The story of Jacky Pantamarra is based on Aboriginal concepts of time', space' and `morality' Without learning those, academic historians can never understand the Gurindji analysis of Australian colonisation.The lesson is that academic historians should be humble'. The academic historical interpretation cannot monopolise the Australian past. Instead of declaring the authenticity of academia's interpretation of Aboriginal/Australian history, we should start learning alternative ways of historical interpretation from Aboriginal historians. Aboriginal oral history should not be used as a supplementary source for the academic history', but should be understood within their history.

抄録全体を表示