The aim of this paper is to examine politeness in Pidgin, one of the national languages of Papua New Guinea. Few attempts have been made thus far to study politeness in Pidgin. The most polite expressions (MPE) in Pidgin tend to be used when speaking to outsiders, those who are not members of the speaker's social group or village, and to non-wantok (i.e. non-pidgin speakers), particularly Australian tourists (about 60,000 tourists from Australia visit Papua New Guinea every year). The hierarchical distribution of MPE is discussed in the section dealing with school teachers, Bikman, and Prime Minister Michael Somare. The difference between male and female speech in showing politeness in Pidgin was not found to be significant, and it is therefore not possible to establish a relationship between gender and language use in this respect. The data on which this study is based comes from interviews with twenty-one Pidgin speakers in Fima village, near Goroka town. Politeness is examined in Section Four, where it is proposed that wantok status is significant for our understanding of politeness in Pidgin.

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A significant body of literature concerning aspects of multiculturalism in Australia exists in the fields of international politics, international relations and Australian history, in addition to Australian geography. Immigrants of diverse origins had a considerable impact on the changing structure of metropolitan areas in Australia. Previous studies have shown that in the 1960s, non-English-speaking immigrants, mainly Greek and Italian, tended to live in suburbs located 10-15 km away from the Melbourne metropolitan core. These suburban areas were relatively less convenient in terms of public transportation, but were newly developed areas supported strongly by motorization. New universities, huge industrial parks, and distribution centres were established in these newly developed areas, and offices were relocated to them. Immigrants in the 1960s could only find affordable housing in these "new suburbs," resulting in the expansion of the metropolitan area. Since the 1990s, Australian cities have been strongly affected by a surge of immigrants from Asian countries. These Asian immigrants have tended to live in the existing Asian communities located at the peripheries of the metropolitan area, much farther than the "new suburbs" described above. Footscray in the west, Glen Waverley in the east and Springvale in the southeast are typical examples of these communities. This paper focuses on the changing structures of the Sydney and Melbourne metropolitan areas in terms of the origins of immigrants. GIS-based mapping using Table Builder data distributed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics was used to identify the processes involved. This paper not only offers a methodological innovation but also makes a new and practical contribution to urban-social process studies.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which contemporary Japanese migrants to Australia situate self in relation to the family and local society. Specifically, by looking at the increase in the number of Japanese female marriage migrants in Australia, the paper will draw attention to the ways in which these Japanese women take part in their new society in an effort to make a new 'home' in Australia. The number of Japanese migrants to Australia has displayed a steady increase recently, but it is important to realise that this increase owes a great deal to the large number of Japanese women involved in cross-national marriages with local partners. In the Greater Sydney area, the Japanese population has traditionally been predominantly concentrated in the central and northern regions around the city, but today a Japanese population can increasingly be found in remote suburbs on the fringe of metropolitan Sydney. Importantly, in these remote suburbs Japanese female marriage migrants represent the greater part of the local Japanese population. Taking this into consideration, this paper will explore the ways in which Japanese female marriage migrants remould their selves and attempt to take part in a new society in Australian suburbia. Based on long-term fieldwork with local Japanese women living in Western Sydney, conducted between 2006 and 2009, it will describe how the women construct selves in this situation through the process of making a 'home' with their cross-national families. Emphasising the fact that suburban life is sharply divided between the public and private spheres, and that migrant women are most likely to be situated in the latter space for the sake of the family, this paper will consider both the advantages and the drawbacks of the process of moulding of gendered selves engaged in by these women.

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In the 1980s, Cairns and the Gold Coast became international tourist destinations as a result of massive foreign investment from Japan. Although previous research has elucidated this process with a focus on the activities of Japanese investors, it has overlooked the significance of Japanese workers who provide services to Japanese tourists. Attempting to correct this gap, this study examines the working and living situations of Japanese working holiday makers (WHMs) who work at a tourist facility near Cairns. In doing so, it attempts to shed light on their importance to, and conceptualize their roles in, Queensland's tourism industry. The author conducted fieldwork in Australia for this purpose. This included an interview survey of Japanese WHMs and participant observation of a tourist facility situated on the fringe of an area of tropical rainforest in the Cairns region which employs a number of Japanese WHMs. The data collected by means of this fieldwork produced the following findings: 1) Most Japanese WHMs worked at the facility for only a short period of time; they usually worked for about 1-4 months before moving on. 2) The Japanese WHMs were the main workers in the Japanese division of the facility. Without these workers, the facility would not be able to deal with visiting Japanese tourists. 3) The working and living conditions of the Japanese WHMs were relatively poor. Their duties were unskilled service-related jobs, their wages were low, and their dormitory was poorly equipped. 4) The Japanese WHMs did not protest to their employer about their conditions, but were attempting to improve their quality of life by means of a variety of cooperative efforts, such as creating original games, inventing new recipes, and obtaining informal compensation from their bosses. 5) The Japanese WHMs also tried to give a positive meaning to their experiences at the facility. They attempted to give meaning to their experiences by appropriating ideas and images which they regarded as useful and plausible. In total, these findings led to the conclusion that Japanese WHMs constitute a large pool of cheap, unskilled, temporary, flexible and obedient workers for Queensland's tourism industry. Employers are able to take advantage of their availability to lower labor costs, to deal with fluctuations in labor demand, and to recruit workers to provide services for Japanese tourists.

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Artistic expression in Australia has been marked by an obsession with the "grotesque," an aesthetic category originating from the revival of an ancient Roman mural style in Renaissance Italy, which has become an important category designating distortion, fragmentation, and a powerful emotionalism that leads viewers to a premoral and primordial state of being. Contemporary Australian novelists also use grotesque imagery to explore their historical concerns and the present global situation. This paper first summarizes the history of the "grotesque" in European and early Australian art forms, following which it takes up several contemporary Australian novels (Christos Tsiolkas, Dead Europe (2005), Janette Turner Hospital, Orpheus Lost (2007), Andrew McGahan, Wonders of a Godless World (2009), Wayne Macauley, The Cook (2011), Kate Grenville,. The Secret River (2005), Kim Scott, Benang: from the heart (1999), and Alexis Wright, Carpentaria (2006)) to demonstrate the ways in which contemporary Australian novelists from a variety of backgrounds are attracted to the "grotesque" and use it to enable them to explore past and present social issues.

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