Australia has rapidly transformed into a multicultural country since the 1970s. It is important for such a multiracial and multicultural society that they should not only guarantee linguistic and cultural rights of every racial group, but should also prevent isolation and antagonism between each other and promote mutual understanding and harmony. Mass media play an important role in this matter. The Australian broadcasting system consists of four types of broadcasting stations. They are the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and commercial stations on one side which broadcast mainly for an unspecified mass audience, and on the other public stations and the Special Broadcasting Service(SBS) which serves a relatively specified minority audience. Broadcasting has an "integration function" to bridge different cultures and an "individualization function" to serve the diverse needs of various cultural groups. Under the circumstances of the progressing multimedia and multichannels, the important point for broadcasting in a multicultural society like Australia is for the "integration function" and the "individualization function" to develop harmoniously.

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Currently a great number of issues concerning women in Australia are being debated. In the area of women's participation in the workforce it is often said that Australia has one of the most favourable conditions in the world. However little is known in Japan about these conditions. In order to improve the working conditions of women in Japan, studying the situation in Australia could be of great significance. Since the 1960's, the participation of women in the Australian labour market has been increasing. Not only is the number of working women increasing, but also the quality of their work has begun to change recently. I have examined the present condition of Australian working women and some characteristics of women's work. Consideration has been focused on part-time work,80 percent of which is carried out by women. Firstly I have examined the changes in the structure of the labour force and women's participation in the labour market. This included looking at qualitative changes in women's work and changes in the number of employees. In the second area, I have examined the characteristics of women's work on the basis of age groups, occupational status of married and unmarried women, and working hours and wages. Thirdly as a background to the increase of part-time work, some advantages on the part of employers and reasons on the part of women as employees are taken into consideration. The characteristics of part-time work in Australia are as follows: Part-time work is the realization of the idea that many people wish to create more leisure time for themselves while still contributing financially to their household's welfare. -Wages are paid according to type of work done and length of time spent at work. Other factors determining wage levels such as the employee's age, family and seniority in the workplace are not taken into account, as is the case with Japan. Part-time work is clearly distinguished from full-time work. But both of them are equally ranked in social status and importance, and by the individuals themselves. -Women at any age have the opportunity to take part-time or full-time work. Women over the age of 35 years can be reemployed permanently. So mothers with dependent children and/or other dependents can take part-time work temporarily.

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高度回遊性魚種(例えば鮪、鰹、カジキ等)は1970年代後半以降の各国200海里施行以来、その回遊位置に応じて無主物と国有物という人工的な2つの法的特性を持たされている。これは、これらの魚種が各国200海里内で遊泳している間はその国の管轄権が及び、それ以外では誰の物でもないと言うことなのである。現在のところ魚一匹毎に国旗を付けて所有権の所在を明らかにする技術もない。たとえそれが出来たとしても、魚は人間が勝手に引いた海図上の境界線などに関係なくその環境に適した海域のどこでも回遊する。そこで、各国漁業が持続的な漁獲を続けていく為には必然的に多国間協力による国際管理の必要性が出てくるわけである。ところで、「もの」を経済学で扱う場合、普通、私的財及び公共財という尺度で考える。海洋資源の1つである魚の場合、海中で遊泳している間は多くの場合が無主物であるが、一旦漁獲されるとその漁獲物としての魚は私有物、すなわち私的財となる。高度回遊性魚種であるミナミマグロもこのような性格を有している。この魚種は地理的にオーストラリア(西岸・南岸の沿岸・沖合を回遊)を中心とすると、西は南アフリカ沿岸・沖合から東は南米沖まで大回遊しており、これまで主に日本とオーストラリアによって漁獲されてきている。ミナミマグロは日本のマグロ刺身市場の中でも最も高値がつく最高級魚であるが、関係者以外には実際のところこれがどんな魚でどこでどのように漁獲されているのか、また、その舞台裏でどのような多国間による資源管理の歴史的変遷があるのかなどあまりしられていない。本稿では主に日本・オーストラリア・ニュージーランドが関係するこのミナミマグロに焦点を当て、まず同資源の資源・生物的要因、各国の漁業実態、三国者協議の変遷について概観する。また、国際公有財という大前提のもとでの三ヶ国によるいわゆる私的財の多国間管理の変遷について経済視点からの分析をし、日本・オーストラリア・ニュージーランドによるミナミマグロ国際漁業管理について若干の考察を加えている。

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