Ca/Na ratios in precipitation collected at many localities have been reported to be consistently higher than the Ca/Na ratio of sea water. The sources of excess Ca have been pointed out to be crustal material, such as soil, and industrial wastes. Precipitations collected at Kichijoji, Tokyo, are high in pH and Ca concentration when an air mass responsible for precipitation flows in from the north. In the north of Kichijoji there are many limestone quarries, cement-producing and related factories. The emitted Ca-bearing fine particles should be the source of excess Ca and cause high pH in precipitations of Kichijoji.

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All hot spring waters of non-volcanic origin are mostly distributed in the plutonic masses of the Cretaceous Bulkuksa granites and the Jurassic Daebo granites in the central and southeastern parts of the Korean peninsula. Temperature and pH of the hot spring waters range from 28.5° to 67℃ and from 6.55 to 9.40, respectively. Dongrae and Haiundae hot springs are located on or near the fault line, but others are not directly related to the fault structures. The ranges of δ¹⁸O and δD values for the hot spring waters are from -6.5 to -10.7‰ and -48.7 to -73.8‰, respectively, and for the local surface waters from -5.5 to -10.1‰ and -39.5 to -70.7‰, respectively. On the basis of stable isotopic and chemical compositions of the hot spring waters and geographical distribution of the hot springs in Korea, the hot spring waters can be divided into following three types; (1) Backam type characterized by low δ¹⁸O and δD values and alkaline waters. (2) Onyang type with weakly alkaline and intermediate isotopic values. Relatively high content of F^- and low Na⁺, Cl^-, and SO₄^2- contents. (3) Haiundae type, having high δ¹⁸O and δD values, weakly alkaline, and high concentration of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^- and SO₄^2-. Most of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic values are plotted slightly below the meteoric and surface water line defined by CRAIG (1961), and show a gradual decrease of the heavy isotope concentration from south to north, and west to east in the penin- sula possibly due to temperature and altitude effects. The hot spring waters are characterized by δ¹⁸O and δD values that are lower than those of the local surface waters at or near the hot springs, suggesting that the hot spring waters are derived from geographically further northern districts and topogra- phically higher mountain regions. The δ³⁴S values of dissolved sulfates range from +5.5 to +29.3‰, apparently reflecting the different sources of the sulfates for different hot springs. Sulfates of the hot spring waters from Haiundae and Pohang may be originated from sea water sulfate and those from Yusung, Duggu and Echon from the secondary sulfate produced by oxidation of sulfide minerals and the mixtures of the above two are thought to be responsible for Suanbo, Duksan, Dongrae, Magumsam and Chucksan hot springs.

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The measurements of five low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons (LHCHs) were performed in the air and sea water of Osaka Bay in 1977. The average concentrations of sea water were 19, 56, 150, 140 and 690 ng/l for carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroethane, respectively. The average concentrations of the air samples were 4.1, 5.3, 6.7, 7.6 and 8.4 µg/m³ for carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,2-dichloroetane, respectively. These results indicate that LMCHs are ubiquitous in the sea water and air samples. And these levels were (10-100) times for sea water and (2-50) times for the air higher than those of other areas of the Seto Inland Sea. According to the estimation of the fluxes of LMCHs across the air-sea water interface using two-layer model, (6.9-81) tons of LMCHs transfer from sea water to the air in a year. These fluxes are nearly equal to the amounts of LMCHs carried from rivers in Osaka Bay. This result suggests that almost of the LMCHs entering to the Osaka Bay from river diffuse to the atmosphere through the air-sea water interface and do not residue in sea water body.

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Leaf and seed samples of prince feather (Polygonum orientale L.), growing on the polluted soils, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and instrumental neutron activation. The leaf samples contained varying amounts of heavy metals, especially manganese and zinc. A remarkable relationship was noticed between manganese and nickel contents. The seed samples were poor in heavy metals. Those collected from highly polluted area were slightly enriched in manganese and occasionally in zinc. As geochemical indicator of heavy metals in soils, the leaves are more promising than the seeds.

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