This study aims to find out current status of cooperation between “grass-root autonomy” and existing cooperative association, JA. Main results are: 1)“grass-root” autonomy takes over some “unprofitable” business and activities to cultivate human resource from JA. 2)For cultivation of “Small” cooperative, “grass-root” autonomy cultivate human resource, then JA support it to develop their business or activities. 3)Through JA’s support for “Small” cooperative, relationship among members and cooperative are changing and we could find re-organization of JA member’s community.

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Forest owners' association is one of the few cooperatives located in the mountainous areas, and plays an important role in environmental preservation and job creation. From the perspective of "small cooperative", this study examines the role of the Forest owners' association, which plays in sustainable community development. The examined examples are non-merger association to keep the "small cooperative" and merger association to maintain the mechanism of "small cooperative" through the "Adecentralization of management". Forest owners' association, as the bearers of community empowerment, expand the cooperative practice to commit actively to regional development is expected.

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The government and the FCA have been moving in the direction of megamergers recently, causing them to dissociate from local fishing communities. However, women’s entrepreneurship groups and associations are attempting through their activities to solve the problems of life in these fishing communities. The paper presents as a case study the entrepreneurial activities of the "Sanmi Sea Mothers", a women’s group active in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Firstly, the paper discusses the current situation, changes, and problems of life faced by fishing communities, with particular reference to the activities of women’s groups. Secondly, the paper discusses the characteristics and problems of women’s entrepreneurial groups contributing to local fishing communities. Finally, the author hopes to shed some light on the significance and possibility of "small cooperation".

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This article provides some insight on the relationship between emerging Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) and traditional consumer and worker co-operatives in Japan. We identify two types of WISEs—the supportive type and the solidaristic type—based on the laws defining and regulating their structure. We then examine the relationship between each type of WISE and co- operative. Through our analysis, we show that the formation of relationships between these entities could contribute to local job assistance systems but at the same time create conflicts in terms of the different management styles of co-operatives and WISEs.

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Recently China has witnessed a rapid development in land circulation, especially in the fast developing coastal areas, big cities and some grain production areas. Meanwhile, the ratio of the land circulation to farmer cooperation increased gradually. Based on these trends, the paper focused on the land transfer in Jiangsu Province, especially on the finacial aid policy adopted aiming to enhance land circulation and analyzed the cases of fastly increased land stock-cooperatives in recent years based on the above study. The paper finally reached the conclusion that the founding of land stock-cooperatives fastened land circulation whereas the cooperative as an organization, its significance needs further analysis and discussion.

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Jardin Group utilizing the Japanese Technical Intern Training Program accepts technical intern trainees from China. The aim of acceptance is to employ technical intern trainees as key employees of Jardin farm in China. Demand of vegetables and flower seedlings produced by case group in China is growing. Therefore, it is necessary to employ Chinese technical intern trainees in the future. This effort is consistent with the philosophy of the Japanese Technical Intern Training Program.

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