Self-assessment has not always been regarded as important in educational evaluations due to its arbitrary characteristics. Relation between objective evaluation and self-assessment were discussed fully in this report. Students' self-assessment were analyzed from the side of overestimation and underestimation by teachers. Following results were obtained. (1) There are little differences in arbitrary indication between viewpoints of understanding of knowledges, research process and interest. (2) Evaluations are apt to be arbitrary in case of indefinite or too definite evaluation criteria, and have little relations with behavior factors. (3) Teachers are apt to regard an evaluation criteria as an attainable object, on the other hand, students as an advance object. (4) Observation method is appropriate in the case where students are conscious of others' eyes due to the evaluation criteria.

Feulgen's procedure is one of the useful observation techniques on the mitotic divisions in plants. Chromosomes and nuclei are effectively stained by Feulgen's procedure. Thus the present procedure has been favourably used as an excellent technique in cytological studies. However, it was clarified that the Feulgen method should be partially improved from the viewpoint of science education. The Feulgen method improved by the present author is as follows: ① collection of fresh root tips, ② washing, ③ fixation with acetic alchol (1:3) at 10℃ for 4-24 hr, ④ rinsing with ethanol series, 75%, 65%, 50%, 30% and 15%, for 15 min respectively, ⑤ hydrolysis with IN HCl at 60℃ for 8 min, ⑥ washing, ⑦ staining with Schiff’s reagent at room temperature for 1-2 hr, or at 7-10℃ for over 12 hr, ⑧ washing shortly, and ⑨ squashing with 0.2% acetic orcein.

In this study I set an inquiry of thermal characteristics of clinoptilolite and educational utilization of zeolite as a feaching materials. I separated and concentrated clinoptilolite exist in Tamatukuri and clistrict in Shimane prefecture, inquired into both a change of microstructure of zeolite in heating by x-ray methods and a thermal property of zeolite by thermogravimetry and got the relationship between a temperature and water adsorption of zeolite. The experiment as utilization for education based on the relation between characteristics and adsorption of water gotten from above described, is as follows. 1. The experiment of confirmation of zeolitic water. 2. The measurement of atmospheric moisture. 3. The experiment to adsorb gases. 4. The experiment of separation of compound gas. The findings of this study are as following by inquiring in regard to thermal characteristics of zeolite and trying utilizing it for since education as a feaching materials. 1. Zeolite caused crystal destruction must be used carefully because its adsorptional power of water clecreases markedly. 2. The four trials as utilization of education are the experiments which they possible to do it in secondary school and are fit for understanding of value of zeolite as natural resources as well as it will be available examinational material.

Observing and recording are the most basic process skills of science. That which is observed can be a significant fact once recorded. On the other hand, recording has some effect on observation. Therefore it is very important to understand the relationship between these two skills. In this paper, authors take as our subject sketching which is a method often used to record data expecially in biology and geology. The procedure is followed; Sixth grade elementary school pupils were given two leaves, one hydrangea and one chestnut. They were asked to observe and sketch the leaves. The pupils were divided into two groups. One with sketch, the other without it. Comparative analysis of the two groups gave the following fundamental knowledge. (1) Sketching makes the points of observation selective; it doesn't only have an advantage in that it prompts us to observe an object but also a disadvantage in that it prevents a detailed observation. (2) There certainly exists an unconscious sketch; meaning a sketch that, even if drawn well, does not fully enter into the observer's consciousness. (3) It is important to the relationship between observation and sketching that we are fully conscious of the object we are observing.

"This paper describes the results of an investigation on the usage of words expressing degree and quantity of things in science textbooks for Japanese elementary school pupils. The followings have been found about the variety and the frequency of usage of words in science textbooks: (1) Degree and quantity of things are dominantly expressed by words like ookii-chiisai (big-small, large-little, etc.) and ookisa (size, magnitude, dimention, etc.) in Japanese. (2) All kinds of words expressing degree and quantity of things come out on textbooks for the third graders, and are very often used on textbooks over the fourth graders. (3) The frequency of usage of ookii, chiisai or ookisa concerned with non-spatial meaning increases considerably on textbooks for the higher graders. (4) These words are most often used in the sentences on physics in school science. It has also been found that degree or quantity of a certain scientific concept is described in three ways, that is: (1) by only one kind of words, (2) by two kinds of words or more than two with different meaning, or (3) by two kinds of words or more than two with same or very similar meaning. Based on the above findings, the author has pointed out the problems to be solved for usage of these words in science textbooks, and proposed to standardize their usage.

In order to analyze the student's hypothesis testing ability, the following survey was carried out. The survey asked the following questions: (1) Are there differences in performance of hypothesis testing task among students' majors? (2) How does the student interpret the hypothesized relations between variables? (3) Whether do hypothesis testing ability and conditional reasoning ability exhibit a unidimensional scale or not? Method: evaluation Four selection hypothesis conditional reasoning task testing tasks and one were administered to undergraduate students. 185 students comprised the sample. The sample consisted of eleven majors. Results: The results of the present survey are summarized as follows: (1) There are no differences in performance of hypothesis testing task among students' majors. (2) About 50-55% of the students interpret the hypothesized relations between variables as biconditional. (3) Hypothesis testing ability and conditional reasoning ability don't exhibit a unidimensional scale.

Motions of astronomical objects are varied according to when and where we observe it. This makes it difficult for teachers to obtain the necessary data in print, when they are preparing their teaching materials for their classes. A microcomputer can simulate these motions, immediately giving the data to the teachers. The children will also derive benefit from it. The present paper is an attempt to provide with the materials about the sun's shadow curve and the motion of the moon by the microcomputer. The following materials are given in this paper. 1. The change of the sun's shadow in a day and the position of the sun's shadow at a particular time. 2. The difference of the sun's shadow curve according to the season and the location. 3. The transition of the moon with time and its position at a particular. time. 4. The difference of the moon's motion by day and location. The usefulness of the data derived from computer simulation was ascertained in actual practice by the elementary school teachers.

The present author tried to make clear graphs of our local characteristics in terms of physical geography by the use of personal computers which are spreading rapidly into high schools. The author made characteristics examples of Miyazaki alluvial-plain as closely connected with human life. As this plain is urbanized by Miyazaki City, it is difficult to scope the features of the whole alluvial-plain. With the aims that students together with teacher (1) inspect of the scenes, (2) conjecture and verify the histories of human performance over nature and (3) concretely localize events which are described in textbook, the author gave some local topographic, graphical examples of Miyazaki. The author thinks that scores of achievement tests improve, if teachers draw up local teaching materials by programs which the author developed and if teachers can positively have students participate in the datum processing of the local characteristics.

If there is a rule which enables us to judge whether or not the background music should be accompanied by a videotaped material, it is convenient for producing videotaped materials by ourselves. This preliminary study aimed at investigating whether or not such a rule could be extracted, in principle, from analyzing videotaped materials in common use. We analized 540 scenes out of 36 programs sampled from the NHK educational TV programs for elementary school science by the Hayashi's Theory of Quantification (II), a kind of multivariate analysis. The results indicated that we could extract an empirical rule of background music accompaniment by using this method. Further studies analizing much more sample scenes will enable us to obtain such a practical rule, which will be able to be used as a standard for background music accompaniment by a self-producing videotaped material.

The learning about the oxidation of metal or the reduction of metallic oxide is considered to be the one of the most important contents in Japanese course of study for lower secondary schools in section "4" to foster the students with the concept of the chemical change. To make the students better understand this concept, the author has developed the simple apparatus, which could have been manipulated easily by the students out of danger, for the above objective. The arrangement of the reduction apparatus of the metallic oxide are as follows: This has two parts. The one is consisted of the glass tube and two plastic bags attached the both side of the tube. In this part, after placing the oxide in the tube, the hydrogen gas is passed into the tube through the one of the plastic bags. To take place the reduction more moderately, the other part is consisted of the heating tube using the nichrom wire. By using this apparatus, the following facts were cleared. (1) The copper oxide turned to the copper, showing that it had lost its oxgen and if the heat has been moderate enough, water would be seen condensed in the tube. (2) The mass ratio of CuO/Cu obtained in this experiment were close to the theoretical value. (3) The above experiment could be repeated using SnO2, PbO, Pb3O4, Cu2O, Fe2O3.