This research aimed to analyze the chemical characteristics of natural mineral water from a wellspring in the Ban Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Physico-chemical properties and minerals status are important deciding factors in the assessment of water quality for water resource utilization. Therefore, the contamination of heavy metal and essential minerals from different locations within the Ban Haubueng community forest were evaluated. Water samples were collected in 2021 and then analyzed according to standard methods for heavy metal and the essential minerals; As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Hg, Ni, Mn, Zn, Fe, Se, Na, Si, and Ca through the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. In-house methods were also employed, based on EPA 3015 and microbial contamination; such as Escherichia coli via AFNOR Certificate Number 3 M 01/8-06/01 compared with ISO16649-2, and for Salmonella spp. by ISO 6579:2017. The results found that As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Hg and Ni as well as E. coli and salmonella were not detected in all water samples. Essential minerals including Si and Ca were detected in the mineral water samples at 7.61 ppm -7.64 ppm and 3.0 ppm-8.86 ppm, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that the mineral water has no heavy metal contamination and is safe from pathogenic microorganisms; E. coli and Salmonella spp. Moreover, other mineral elements present, like silicon may warrant further investigation for other purposes, such as agricultural production.

Empowering women and reducing gender disparities are key challenges of 21st century. This is more pressing in rural areas of developing countries like Ethiopia. The problem is prevalent in intra-household relationships. However, most initiatives of women empowerment have been transitory and externally imposed without considering structural causes of gender inequality hence they have been less effective. We reviewed and compared rural women's empowerment under widely occurring traditional systems versus community-led initiative, specifically the case of the Awra Amba community in northwest Ethiopia. The comparison was made on the bases of key indicators including division of labor, access to information, and resources, leadership and decision-making and gender-based violence. There exist number of studies assessing gender relations in rural areas under traditional systems. The studies showed that rural women have more workload involving both household and farm activities compared to men who are tasked to mainly outside home activities. Moreover, limited accesses to information, services and control over resources, low decision-making power, lack of opportunities to self-development such as education and training are key challenges to rural women. However, the above observed gaps seem to have been relatively tackled in the case of the Awra Amba community. This community owns a unique self-organized system with the goal of addressing socio-economic problems through the principle of egalitarianism. Woman's inferior position in the community is believed to be eliminated by destroying the traditional gender roles and patriarchal gender ideology. As a result, some of the community values and principles have been replicated to other Ethiopian rural communities through own initiated exchange visits. But the actual implementation of the community-led initiative in Awara Amba is not immune to criticism. Therefore, in-depth scientific research, and upscaling of successful community-led empowerment practices should be encouraged to understand how locally organized collective actions help to realize inclusive development.

Ovche Pole is an agricultural region in Macedonia with dry climatic conditions characterized by low precipitation and high ambient temperatures during the growing period as well as prevailing winds that are present considerable time of the year. During the 1950s series of measures have been implemented to improve the agriculture productivity in the region. One of the measures taken was the establishment of tree windbreaks (field shelterbelts) aimed to reduce wind velocity and protect shelter crops. Ever since they become essential elements for the regional landscape, performing many important ecosystem functions. As far as authors' knowledge, so far there are no scientific studies that investigated the performance of the tree windbreaks in Ovche Pole-research area of this study. To fill the gap of scientific data, this study examines the relation between wind reduction efficiency of tree windbreaks with their level of degradation in that area. Optical porosity is used as a proxy for quantitative description of the level of degradation of the structure of the tree windbreaks. To this aim, field measurements for wind velocity and optical porosity (OP) were done on 3 (three) windbreaks sections. Photogrammetry method was used to determent the porosity at each windbreak section. Wind velocity field measurements were done with two handheld cone anemometers The windspeed reduction efficiency was assessed by comparing the windspeed at the windward side with the windspeed at 3 points on the leeward side. The results show that the level of degradation is significantly related with the relative windspeed at distance of 30m and 60m from the tree line at the leeward side.

Biological monitoring in agricultural landscapes is conducted as part of local residential activities in some rural regions. Such survey activities are expected to have social effects such as environmental education and community empowerment, in addition to biodiversity monitoring. However, it remains unclear how residents conduct the biological surveys, assess the sustainability of the activities, and identify potential effects on their communities. This study aims to clarify the social characteristics of biological surveys by residents and examine the sustainability of the activities. The survey reports of 37 local activities in aquatic habitats of rice-farming landscapes in the city of Utsunomiya in the Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, were collected. By using the reports, the basic activity features of the surveys, such as the number and the attributes of participants, the time, dates and sites of the surveys, were examined, and the local organizations were clustered based on the similarities of the features. Finally, the number of detected species by the biological surveys and the contents of group discussions, which were held after the surveys, in each cluster were compared. The results showed that the number of participants of the biological surveys ranged from 11 to 235, and the participation rate of children was high at 94.1%, while the participation rate of experts was low at 20.6%. Our main findings are as follows: (1) the residential organizations with invited biological experts detected the highest number of species. (2) the cluster with no children tended to have no discussion. In conclusion, our findings imply that expert participation is vital for finding species and that child participation is essential for sustainability of this biological monitoring.

The use of gotu kola in food and beverages has increased over the years due to its beneficial and nutritional properties. The intent of this study is for the public utilization of the gotu kola and its improvement. It further investigates the sensory evaluation of dried fettuccine pasta enriched with gotu kola Centella asiatica among the three treatments in terms of aroma, color, taste and texture and to determine if there was a significant difference among the three treatments. This study used the experimental-descriptive research design employing a self-made modified questionnaire as a main tool in gathering the data through 4-point modified Hedonic scale for the level of liking. The data gathered were tabulated using the weighted mean and ANOVA to determine the significant difference in the respondent's liking among the three treatments. There was a total of 85 respondents composed of 55 selected food technology experts (25 instructors handling food technology and food related subjects and 30 students taking Master of Arts in Teaching Vocational Education major in Food Technology) and 30 consumers. The findings revealed that treatment 3 was "like very much" while, treatments 1 and 2 were "like moderately". The result showed there was a significant difference in the level of liking of the dried fettucine pasta in three treatments. Thus, the researcher recommended to utilize gotu kola as a potential ingredient to enrich the pasta for possible income generating project for extension activities.

The lack of heat treatment is one possible factor leading to highly contaminated pickles with microbes, including the bacteria that cause food poisoning. A heating process that sterilizes food products is effective in reducing the microbial content of pickles. We applied heat treatments to ensure that homemade pickles were safe to consume. In this study, 2 kinds of pickled young papaya were made to develop a new, safe processed food that effectively utilizes agricultural products. The objective was to evaluate the possibility of acceptance of these samples in Cambodia and other Asian countries. The sensory evaluation indicated that the samples were acceptable but still need further improvement.

Phytoremediation has become an alternative technology for cleaning up contaminated areas by accumulation in the root and shoot systems. The study conducted a 98-day pot experiment to determine Cd accumulation and its morphological and physiological effects on Amaranthus spinosus L. grown in the non contaminated forest (S1) and mine contaminated (S2) soils of Benguet. Soil and plant tissue analysis were done using AAS method; quantitative descriptive method for morphological analysis; titration method for vitamin C analysis; and Kjeldahl method for protein analysis. Amaranthus spinosus L. grown in S1 accumulated 0.52 mg/kg Cd in the root and 0.88 mg/kg Cd in the shoot with soil Cd concentration of 3.70 mg/kg at 7.43 pH. In S2, A. spinosus L. had taken up 0.000012 mg/kg Cd in the roots and in the shoot systems with 0.90 mg/kg Cd soil concentration at 4.19 pH. Biological Accumulation Coefficient (BAC = 0.24) was generally weak since the equivalent is less than 1 (BAC < 1, 0.24) while translocation factor (TF = 1.69) is greater than 1 (TF>1, 1.69). For morphological characteristics comparing S1 and S2 results are the following: root length (372.33 mm and 284.70 mm); shoot length (399.33 mm and 132.33 mm); and, biomass (22.53 grams and 9.27 grams). Highly significant differences were also noted for S1 and S2 on root length, shoot length, and biomass at α = 0.01 with p - values of 0.002, 0.000, and 0.002, respectively. For the vitamin C and protein content, both (S1 and S2) were not affected. From these results, it can be concluded that Amaranthus spinosus L. can accumulate significant concentration of Cd in its root and shoot systems and allows Cd mobility in its system. It is then recommended that the capability of Amaranthus spinosus L. for Cd tolerance requires further studies.

The purpose of this research aimed to study the effects of vermicompost and mineral water from a wellspring in Ban Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand on the growth parameters of rice cultivar KDML 105. The rice growth experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with four irrigation treatments: irrigation water (T0), irrigation water with vermicompost (T1), mineral water (T2), and mineral water with vermicompost (T3) under greenhouse conditions. The results found that the application of the vermicompost with mineral water gave the highest rice growth parameters; such as plant height, panicles, grains per panicle, and number of tillers per hill, with a significant difference of p ≤ 0.05. The highest plant height (139.63 cm.) was found in the T1 treatment, and the highest number of tillers per hill and grain weight were found in the T3 treatment at 7.00 and 175.28 grams per plot, respectively; as vermicompost is a rich source of readily available nutrients and contains growth hormones. Although the application of mineral water produced lower plant heights than that of the irrigation water, the tillered rice demonstrated an increased number of tillers per hill and grains per panicle. The results of this experiment revealed that the addition of vermicompost and mineral water had significant positive effects on plant growth parameters of rice. It can conclude that the utilization of mineral water from the wellspring community forest with vermicompost could help farmers to increase rice production.

Increasing the productivity of organic farming is a strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture. However, it is necessary to maintain soil redox potential (ORP) in continuously oxidized conditions and to promote bacterial metabolisms in soils to increase productivity. Previously, applying microbial fuel cell technology (MFCT) into sediment improved ORP and benthos survival in the sediment. It is thought that these positive effects of MFCT can also provide many benefits for soil cultivation in organic farming. This study aims to examine the changes in the biochemical properties of soil following MFCT application. In laboratory experiments, MFCT was applied to cow manure compost-mixed andosol. An anode (oxidation reaction) and a cathode (reduction reaction) were installed in the soil, and a 1.5-V solar cell was used to produce an electric current between the two electrodes. Three months after MFCT application, the chemical properties and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of the soil were measured. Our results showed an electric potential distribution in the soil, and the soil located within 20 cm of the electrode was strongly affected by the electrode reaction. This suggests that applying MFCT to soil can change the soil's redox conditions. The ATP and ammonium concentrations increased, suggesting bacterial activation and enhanced organic matter decomposition in the soil. It is recommended that farmers should apply MFCT into soils for enhancing bacterial metabolism and increasing organic matter decomposition in soils.

In recent years, deforestation has increased remarkably in the region of Bolivian Amazonia. So, research interests have been focused on how the deforestation affects the soil erosion risk. Accordingly, this study was conducted in the city of Cobija, Bolivian Amazonia to evaluate the erosion risk employing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). For calculating the rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R), an emperical model based on measured annual precipitation was applied. To calculate the soil erodibility factor (K), the experimental models based on soil properties (composition of sand-silt-clay percentages, organic matter, structure, and permeability of the soil profile) was employed. Also, to generate the topographic factor (LS), a digital elevation model (DEM) image was applied. In addition, the cover management factor (C) of each land use and the support practice factor (P) for different conservation practices were based on the outcomes from former studies. The results of RUSLE analysis, the annual soil loss per unit area (A) was in the range of of the medium soil loss from 5 < 7 t/ha/year. With accelerating soil erosion, soil organic matters as well as soil aggregate have been lost, and soil loss would be severer gradually. So, effective soil conservation measures should be implemented for minimizing the loss of soil organic matters as well as soil aggregate.

Cow manure and compost has been applied as fertilizer for many years by farmers in Kampong Cham province. Improperly processed of cow manure and compost may contained pathogenic bacteria such coliform and E. coli that are harmful to humans. Pathogenic bacteria coliform and E. coli are both recognized as hazardous microorganism in the environment and for public health. It is an important pathogen associated with several foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness, which has been widely reported in Cambodia. Also, coliform and E. coli was detected in farmlands soils of Samraong and Baray Communes, Kampong Cham Province. The contamination of agricultural land, surface water, irrigation water, and fresh vegetables, can become a reservoir of infections. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the pathogenic bacteria from the contaminated areas. Many studies have shown that inactivation of pathogens in biosolids depends on several factors, from that the soil pH is one of the dominant factors affecting the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. Increasing of pH can be achieved by adding agricultural limestone calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or quick lime (CaO). The objectives of this study are to investigate and evaluate the effects of adding different agricultural and organic lime materials on soil chemical properties and the survival rates of pathogenic bacteria coliform and E. coli. Pot experiments was conducted and different CaCO₃ and CaO material such CaCO₃ powder, eggshell, clamshell, and wood ash are used for the soil amendment. The CaCO₃ and CaO added to soil at the ratio of 0 g, 5 g, and 15 g to 750 g of soil to each pot. The CaO obtained by burning the CaCO₃ powder, eggshell, clamshell, and wood ash at 800˚C. Soil chemical and biological parameters such as pH, EC, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, coliform and E. coli were determined. The results showed that increase in soil pH due to lime addition were observed. However, there's no significant difference of soil pH responding to amounts of lime added 5 g, 10 g and 15 g. Similar trends were also observed between the unburned and burned lime material. The survival rate of coliform and E. coli were decreased with unburned and burned lime added, the pathogenic bacteria can be eliminated at 7 days after addition of lime. Since the performance of unburned and burned lime on the survival rates of pathogenic bacteria no different. So, it is not necessary to burn the lime material of CaCO₃, eggshell, clamshell, and wood ash. As burning material need the temperature at 800 °C, farmers need a burner machine that can reach to that temperature. Farmers in Cambodia usually burning wood or charco to get the heat. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers can use the unburned lime instead of burned materials in Kampong Cham Province.

This study aims to create healthy food products thus economical since it utilizes a so-called "scrap" of coconut as a main ingredient. Coconut residue may be considered as residual but studies shows that it contains health-affirming benefits. The coconut residue gathered from the local delicacy vendors are submitted to the DOST Laboratory for microanalysis to test if it is safe for production. Consequently, it contains the following result: aerobic plate count-2.5 x 10⁶cfu/g, total coliform count - 3.7 x 10³cfu/g, E. coli count - ˂ 1.0 x 10 cfu/g, enumeration of S. aureus - 9.0 x 10 cfu/g, salmonella detection – negative, mold and yeast count - 2.5 x 10⁵cfu/g. The report of microanalysis reflects that the coconut residue collected from the rice cake vendors is not safe to be processed. Thus, the coconut residue utilized in this study is firsthand gathered by the researcher with the observance of utmost food safety to avoid from microorganism. For the sensory attributes, the color got the highest numerical rating of 8.66 described as "like extremely", while the rest of the attributes are at the range of "like very much". The texture got the average weighted mean of 7.5, for the aroma, 7.74, for the taste, 7.56 and for the general acceptability 7.72. This result indicates that the coco nuggets is generally acceptable to the consumers, however, 34 or 68% of the participants suggested that the coco nuggets is best served with a dipping. For the nutritional content, coco nuggets contain the vital nutrients like protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium and potassium.

The objective of this study was to towards the growth of the Thai Organic rice industry: An evaluation of consumers' behavior and barriers to organic rice consumption in Thailand. The questionnaire was collected from 223 rice growers using simple random sampling by using the formula of Taro Yamane with 5 % variation. The descriptive and inferential statistics were used to answer the research purpose, such as mean percentage, ANOVA statistical analysis. This research found that; confidence in the 'organic-label', cheaper price, quality, nutritional value, range of organic products, accessibility and availability are the key deciding factors to purchase organic rice by consumers. Lack of trust in the authenticity of organic products is a key barrier and farmers needs to understand the certification and quality assurance processes to help them overcome this hurdle. Price is a significant motivator to purchase, as such, initiatives to increase efficiency in production and encourage farmers to plant more pest-resistant/high yielding rice variety is critical. The government certification programme needs to be standardize and utilize innovative technologies including the creation of national 'kite-mark' which provides the ability by the consumers to trace the origin of rice products (e.g. QRcode, augmented reality) to build trust in organic rice products. The research presented underpin the relevance of understanding the extrinsic and intrinsic motivations of consumers’ satisfaction to buy organic rice and how this can be used to better inform the development of Government policies.

Edo was once a city of water and everyday life was intertwined with its rich water network. Unfortunately, the connection with water was lost due to the rapid urban growth of the city and now most of the local scale water streams in Tokyo are culverted. They have turned into green streets and their tributaries into narrow pathways. The objective of this study is to trace the covered waterways in the broader network of the blue and green infrastructure of the city and to catalogue them in accordance with their different features like design and usage. In the first part, analysis is done on the legacy of the urban streams from Edo to Tokyo. Furthermore, the methodology and the results of the research are presented, showing a map of the covered waterways and their classification. For this reason, two different scales of the linear elements are assessed. The findings show that, based on a short section, considering the width and landscape design, there are four groups of types of which three are covered kind of types. Based on assessing a few hundred meters long segment, there and five groups of types based on their primary usage each having two sub-types except for the last that has only one. According to the results a conclusion is drawn that today most of the covered streams in the city have some commonalities in their design and how people use the space. Typically, the route of most of those ancient streams is accompanied by endless kilometers of pedestrian and cycling paths regarded as ''green ways''. Together they form a rich network spreading throughout the city. They represent inclusive public spaces that plays a vital part in strengthening communities and need further research.

This study investigated the level of awareness and extent of compliance to certification of corn farmers with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in corn development projects in the cluster municipalities of Nueva Vizcaya. The study sought to determine the demographic characteristics of the respondents, their level of awareness in GAP corn certification requirements, and extent of compliance in GAP corn certification. One hundred sixty (160) corn farmers who are active participant in GAP corn project were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, and mean were used in describing the demographic characteristics of the respondents. A four-point Likert-type scale was used to analyze the level of awareness and extent of compliance. The result revealed that both men and women are active corn farmers, older farmers, most have formal education, smallholder farms, more experience in farming and members in farmers’ organization and cooperatives. Likewise, the study indicated a high awareness of the respondents in GAP corn certification requirements gained through their participation to various GAP and GAP-related trainings and activities while compliance to GAP certification is moderate which resulted to low certified corn farms in Nueva Vizcaya. Demographic profile such as sex, education and trainings have positive correlation to the respondents’ awareness, however, there is no significant correlation to their compliance.

Heavy precipitation events induce sediment transport resulting in soil loss, aggravating erosion. Geotextile for erosion control, offers environmentally friendly benefits and have lower costs than other physical structures. Recently, there has been interest in high performance and multifunctional geotextiles. In this study, evaluation was made to investigate the capacity of geotextile in sediment trapping. A runoff experiment was conducted, using a runoff plot using two types of geotextiles, having dimensions of 100 and 10 cm length and breadth respectively. Slope for the runoff plot was created at 0.859 degrees. Four treatments, for each geotextile were made. The treatments were, 1) no folds, 2) folds for 25 cm of the runoff plot, 3) folds for 50 cm of runoff plot, 4) folds for 100 cm of the runoff plot. Muddy water suspension having Suspended Solid (SS) of 25000 mg/L was discharged on the treatments. SS of runoff and infiltered suspension were analyzed. According to the results, both geotextiles were effective in sediment trapping. For Sample A, SS decreased by 88.1 %, 97.16 %, 99.14 % and 99.15 % in no folds, 25 cm fold, 50 cm fold and 100 cm fold treatment respectively from the initial SS of the muddy water suspension. Whereas, for Sample B, SS decreased by 87.3 %, 91.87 %, 98.74 % and 98.34 % in no folds, 25 cm fold, 50 cm fold and 100 cm fold treatments respectively. Additionally, SS significantly decreased in folded treatments for both geotextiles. Accordingly, it was established that geotextile can function for erosion controlling with increase in folds. However, further research is required to understand the intensity of discharge on geotextiles for sediment trapping capacity for future applications.

Utilizing a hydrological model for analyzing the hydrological cycle throughout a river basin is an effective method to assess the impacts of climate change on water resource management, flood control, and agriculture. Although there are various hydrological models developed, in this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool plus (SWAT+) is used as it is widely used and predicts the impacts of land use management in watershed management. SWAT+ is a complex quasi−physically based water quality model relying on numerous input files and parameters, thus this poses a great challenge when attempting to set up the model manually, and there is a lack of information regarding the validation of SWAT+'s of performance for snow accumulation and melting processes. The objective of this study is to estimate long-term streamflow in forested watershed in snowy region using SWAT+, and to verify the accuracy of the estimation and to confirm the improvement of the accuracy by adjusting parameters. In order to improve the accuracy of simulation, “the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil layer” and “the available water capacity of soil layer” were adjusted for parameter of soil moisture content, moreover, we adjusted parameter of temperature of “snowfall” and “snowmelt”. Finally, “the time of lateral flow travel” which is difficult to measure was calibrated using the auto-calibration of SWAT+. As the results, it was difficult to achieve high accuracy in predicting river discharge with the default parameters of SWAT+, but some months (May-Oct) could be accurately predicted after adjusting parameters using measured data and conducting the auto-calibration. On the other hand, simulations during snowfall and snowmelt term (Dec-Mar) were less accurate and need to set more detailed conditions.

This study aimed to compare the status of implementation of the Solid Waste Management (SWM) in the Municipality of Candijay, Bohol, Philippines for the year 2015 and 2020 to find ways for the sustainability of the implementation of the Town’s Solid Waste Management. Wastes were collected monthly for one year from the five sampled barangays with 122 households. Field investigations, on-site waste measurements and characterizations were conducted. This is a mixed method employing QUANT-Qual approach. Descriptive statistics which include percentages, and weighted mean were used for the quantitative approach while narrative analysis for the qualitative was used. The results revealed that from the previous data of SWM implementation found out that the average biodegradable waste generated in the year 2015 which was 46.14 % decreased to 10.94 % as a result of home proper waste disposal. Likewise, the recyclable waste which had 27.27 %, the number decreased to 26.08 %. Since residual wastes should be collected, the collection increased to 59.85 % from 15.42 % due to acquisition of additional garbage trucks. For special waste, from 11.16 % previously collected, it decreased to 3.13 %. There was significant difference between the biodegradable, residual and special wastes. In the present SWM implementation, innovation played an important role in recycling waste materials. Shredded plastics and crashed glasses were converted into mixture to create concrete products. The shredded biodegradable wastes were converted into organic fertilizers. The produce out of these shredded materials were used to generate income which played an important role to sustain the solid waste implementation. Thusly, the level of implementation was already properly practiced. Solid Waste Management had employed organizational structure for implementation and dissemination of personnel’s function. Additional equipment and personnel were acquired. To sustain the proper SWM, recycling equipment, public awareness, funding, expertise of personnel, equipment and facilities, innovations and other provisions must be provided.

In Sri Lanka, household income and living standards in the estate sector are lower than those in other sectors. The tea sector is an important industry in the estate sector, where the structure has changed over time, with an increase in smallholders and improvements in living conditions. This change has made the living environment and educational opportunities within the tea sector no longer uniform. This paper aims to identify the disparity in quality of life and education attainment of children and attempts to describe the structure of the differences behind these disparities by focusing on the three management types. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to this analysis. Primary data for 302 households were collected between 2013 and 2015. Six indicators of the environment surrounding children and two indices of education attainment were used. Four indicators show statistically significant disparities among management types. A comparison between the six indicators and management types indicates that people on the PEs are more likely to live under the low quality of life and face the difficulties, which are related to the social structure of the management type to which the households belong.

Past studies have found that boosting agriculture entrepreneurship education for the youth is one of the critical solutions to the aging agricultural population. Agriculture stakeholders need to provide entrepreneurship training to youth early to develop more agribusiness opportunities and strengthen their entrepreneurial competencies. This paper aims to provide an overview of the development of agriculture entrepreneurship research in the context of youth can become a basis for researchers to conduct future studies on the related topic. This paper reveals the general trend of the subject studied, objectives, methodologies, and research finding through an extensive systematic literature review of past studies on this topic conducted between 2000 to 2021. Out of the total of 1,492 papers found using a combination of the words "Agriculture, " "Entrepreneurship, " and "Youth, " 62 articles passed the screening criteria and were analyzed for this research. This study found that 27 % of the reviewed studies focus on university and college students. More than 32 % of the studies' objective was to identify the factors influencing youth inclination and intention towards agripreneurship. Subjective norms (external factors) were the determining factors that affect the intention in agripreneurship. Around 39 % of the studies used Likert scale questionnaires to obtain data, and more than 55 % analyzed the data using qualitative descriptive analysis, 24 % used multiple linear regression, and 15 % used Theory of Planned Behavior. This paper highlights the need for agripreneurship studies on young farmers using more variative analysis methods to obtain a broader understanding.

Plant biomass is considered an important parameter for crop management and yield estimation, especially for grassland. Aerial photogrammetric techniques have been used for vegetation data gathering of the areas of dense vegetation fields with high research interest. Recent advances in computer vision include structure from motion and multi-view stereopsis (SfM-MVS) techniques, which can derive 3D data such as digital surface models (DSMs) and orthomosaic from overlapping photography taken from multiple angles. The difference between the DSMs of a planted field and the digital terrain model (DTM) has been referred to crop surface model (CSM). Ever since SfM-MVS has been adopted to derive plant height (PH) and above-ground biomass using CSMs at 2013, this method has become the most explored and verified approach to simulate the structure of crops all over the world. However, the complexity of crop structure is thought to be not well represented in DSMs because the DSMs have only one Z value at each 2D pixel. Besides, lacking a DTM representing the bare ground is another problem when adopting the CSM method. On the other hand, the 3D point cloud where DSMs are derived from UAV may provide the structure information in a faster and more detailed way. This research tested the capability of 3D point cloud in estimating plant height and biomass volume of pasture grass, and compared the results with CSMs. UAV photography were conducted at the experimental field of Obihiro University of Agriculture and veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan, 2019. The biomass volume estimated by DSM and point cloud have no significant difference, showing that DSM and point cloud have the same performance at estimating biomass volume of grass. In the case that only the simple value data is required, the point cloud data is recommended.