The relationship between the degree of ikigai (the Japanese word for one's sense of purpose in life: Kumano, 2005) and views on life and death were investigated. Participants were 1,137 college students (635 males and 502 females). The degree of ikigai was evaluated by using the Purpose In Life test (PIL test) developed by Crumbaugh and Maholick (1964, 1969). We used Part-A of this questionnaire that is composed of 20 questions. Additionally, views on life and death were assessed by a questionnaire composed of five questions that was developed by he authors, which referred to life after death, reincarnation, life lesson, soul mate, and the law of causality hypotheses. Results indicated that the mean PIL score for both sexes was 92.1±16.6, with the mean female score being higher than the male. The histograms of responses to the views on life and death questions indicated bimodal distributions, i.e., responses tended to be “believe or not believe.”Females tended to choose “believe the hypotheses” more often compared to males. The group that responded “Yes” to the questionnaire on the views on life and death tended to have a higher PIL score than those that responded “No”. These results suggest that people who believe the spiritual hypotheses tended to have higher ikigai.

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Professional caregivers' stressors and its correlation with health were investigated. Participants included care-workers (CW: n = 552) and home-helpers (HH: n = 287). Analysis was conducted on data on women with a specified age range (419 CWs and 252 HHs).The survey consisted of sampling 70 or 77 stressors that were obtained through interviews and by using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 28) to determin stress reactions and basic attributes. Results of factor analysis identified six factors each for CWs and HHs. Next, we conducted a multiple regression analysis using the stepwise method with stressor factors as induced variables, taking into account that there are differences in stressor factor structure due to differences in distinctive characteristics of work duties between CWs and HHs. Results indicated that there are significant differences in stressors that affects the health of CWs and HHs.

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The relationships between cognitive appraisal, stress coping and stress-related emotions in interpersonal situations were investigated. Participants were 431 university students who completed questionnaires that measured stress/coping: appraisals (threat, importance, self-efficacy), coping strategies and emotions (good feelings, aversion, embarrassment). Overall, results supported the hypothesis that: (a) important appraisals were positively associated with reports of good feelings, (b) appraisal of threat was positively associated with reports of aversive feelings and (c) coping that was more oriented toward positive relationships was positively associated with reports of good feelings. Implications of these findings are discussed.

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The purpose of this study was to develop the Emotional Suppression Tendency Scale that consisted of two scales: Negative Emotional Suppression Tendency Scale (NESS: 23 items) and Positive Emotional Suppression Tendency Scale (PESS: 24 items), and to investigate its reliability and validity. The factor structure, intercorrelation, alpha coefficient, and validity of the scale were investigated. Participants were undergraduate students (N=212, Sample 1) who completed the Japanese versions of the Self-Concealment Scale and the Sense of Authenticity Scale, as well as the NESS and PESS. In the test-retest reliability analysis, undergraduate students (N=451, Sample 2) completed the NESS and PESS. In addition, gender differences were investigated using the sum of Samples 1 and 2. The reliability and validity of the NESS and PESS were verified through scale analysis. The results suggest that this scale can be used to evaluate the tendency to suppress negative and positive emotions.

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It is suggested that using a multidimensional and hierarchical model as the theoretical framework could contribute to research on exercise. It is necessary to examine the multidimensionality and the hierarchical structuring of self-esteem using instruments with established reliability and validity. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of Fox and Corbin's (1989) three-tier hierarchical model. The second purpose was to examine the direct and indirect effects of physical activity. Male (n = 296) and female (n =195) university student participants completed the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and Physical Self-Perception Profile-Japanese Version (PSPP-J). The main results were as follows: (1) Confirmatory factor analysis revealed validity of using RSE and PSPP-J to examine Fox & Corbin's (1989) model. (2) Structural equation modeling supported the theoretical structuring of Fox and Corbin's model (GFI = .90, AGFI = .89, and RMSEA =.04). (3) The results of correlation and partial correlation analysis indicated that physical activity was indirectly related to self-esteem and physical self-worth.

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Differences in methods of regulating feelings using the trait-anxiety scale were investigated. Miyashita has (1998) analyzed characteristics of feelings, sensations, and behaviors from the standpoint of the logic of negation. Results have indicated that negative-sentence suggestions had an affirmative effect, when the rated feeling was displeasure, regardless of the height of the revitalization degree. This study investigated the effect of differences in trait-anxiety scale scores on negative-sentence suggestions using feelings that were high in displeasure. Participants (n = 110) were classified into two groups based on their scores on the trait-anxiety scale: high and low trait-anxiety groups.Then, participants were induced to feel anxiety or anger by imagining and repeatedly getting suggestions high in displeasure-activity feelings in negative-sentence form. The participants were then requested to rate their feelings and were asked to rate affirmative effects. The results showed that in the low trait-anxiety groups, negative-sentence suggestions had affirmative effects on activity feelings that were high in displeasure. These results suggest trait-anxiety is useful for regulating feelings.

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Codependent tendency between nurses and patients was examined and the effects of this tendency in nurses on patients' self-care agency, satisfaction with nurses, compliance and adherence were investigated. Participants included nurses and inpatients in a hospital who responded to questionnaires. Results showed that although the code-pendent tendency was not significantly different between nurses and patients, some aspects of compliance and adherence of patients, and their satisfaction with nurses were low when the nurses' codependent tendency was high. The findings from this study suggest that it is important for nurses to be aware of their own codependent tendency when developing a healthy nurse-patient relationship.

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