In this paper, we study the academic entrepreneurship that does not have enough resources and networks to the technology and market in new business creation. Recent years, academic entrepreneur research accumulates knowledge such as academic start-ups, entrepreneurship education at university, and difference of between entrepreneur and academic entrepreneur. But little is known about the academic entrepreneurs’ way of thinking and pattern of behavior in such situation. In order to shed light that, we conducted single case study. Then, this paper shows the following two events. First, we propose a new comprehensive framework which helps to understand academic entrepreneurship. This framework consists of technology network, market network, entrepreneur team, mission, resource, and business theme. We also show relationships among these constituents. Second, we show progress of technology and market networking, then we consider similarity and dissimilarity between networking process and effectuation. Finally, we derive the theoretical implication for academic entrepreneurship and practical implication for entrepreneurship education at university.

R&D activities for new medicine requires a huge cost and many years. Thus, small firms such as pharmaceutical startup usually have to finance their costs by forming an alliance with large pharmaceutical companies. In the recent few years, an inter-organizational cooperation structure, where a pharmaceutical startup is in charge of research, and a large pharmaceutical company is in charge of development after acquiring a pharmaceutical startup is becoming a main stream in the pharmaceutical industry. We call its main stream “dominant path”. Although discussing the dominant path of venture firms in the industry is important, discussing a different types of pharmaceutical startups, which does not follow the dominant path is also important. Therefore, in this paper, to discuss a pharmaceutical startup which is not following the dominant path in the industry, we use the concept of institutional strategy. As a result of our analysis, validity of the orphan drug strategy, which does not follow the dominant path was indicated. This result also suggests the existence of diverse paths of pharmaceutical startup other than the dominant path in the pharmaceutical industry.

In recent years, there has been increasing number of studies about user innovation. These have been making progress in the field of determining users' attributions or discussing the motivation of users’ contributiton to innovations. However, few studies have been conducted the relationship between firms and user communities or the management of them in the processes of user innovation. In this study, we focused on solving those problems using a case of developing portable radiation measuring instruments as open source hardware. This study indicates two results. The first is that contents of the messages users send to the community and their timing play an important role in the process of user innovation.The second is that the governing system known as "Benevolent Dictatorship" has also been detected in that community of open source hardware.