Carbonization of coal in fixed state after cold press forming was proposed to produce metallurgical coke from non-caking coal. The proposed method increased the density and hence increased the strength of coke produced. For slightly caking coal, the method suppressed the devolatilization of volatile matters, increased the yield, and increased the strength of coke. When the method was applied to mixed coal, even 1 to 1 mixture of brown coal and coking coal produced high quality metallurgical coke.

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A kind of low grade iron ore which contains FeOOH forms slit shaped pores of 0.8 nm width on dehydration at around 300℃. Inserting carbonaceous material into the pores and heating up to 500℃ forms unique iron ore carbon composite which has high reducibility of iron ore and high gasification reactivity of the carbon formed inside the pores. This paper examined the possibility of preparing IOC with high strength, which can be utilized in blast furnace, from a iron ore and low grade coal derived carbonaceous materials.

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The integrated coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) has been received a lot of attention because of its higher thermal efficiency than conventional coal-fired power generation systems. To increase thermal efficiency of IGCC systems, triple-bed combined circulating fluidized bed gasifier has been developed. In this reactor, coal pyrolysis occurs with high-temperature heat medium particles in a downer pyrolyzer. In pyrolysis, heat transfer and contacting the heat medium particles with the coal is very important to determine product distribution and reaction kinetics. In this study, we have developed a novel co-current downer pyrolyzer, which can directly contact coal particles with heat medium particles heated in about 900 ℃ using a fluidized bed preheater. We carried out pyrolysis of Loy Yang brown coal and measured gas, tar, char yeilds in the downer reactor by changing feed rate of silica sand (heat medium particles).

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We have been studying a thermal-hydrogenation treatment of brown coal for preparation of "Artificial Super Coking Coal (A-SCC)". Experimantal data collected from our previous research works indicate that the brown coal treated at 410 degree C could be converted into coke consisting of optically anisotropic texture. For the present research work, the thermal-hydrogenation treatment was carried out at the higher temperature (415-430 degree C) for the purpose of developing the optically anisotropic texture. Furthermore, a variety of brown coals were employed for the thermal-hydrogenation treatment, in order to verify that the thermal-hydrogenation treatment is useful in producing A-SCC from brown coals.

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Though the price of coking coal is of low level at present, the coking coal may be short because of limited bituminous coal reserves in the future. If it is possible to reform brown coal to strong coking coal (A-SCC), it is expected that the consumption of hard coking coal will decrease. After we refined the reforming conditions using a small autoclave, material yield and the degree of reforming were measured with the experiments using a flow-type micro reactor. Samples of A-SCC were analyzed to evaluate the performance as a coking additive.

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The authors have recently proposed a novel method that not only dewaters but upgrades low-grade carbonaceous resources such as biomass, peat, lignite, and sub-bituminous coals. The method comprises a treatment of the raw materials in non-polar solvent, such as 1-methylnaphthalene, at temperatures below 350℃, and subsequent separation of the upgraded samples into extract, residue, and gaseous product consisting of CO_2 and a negligible amount of hydrocarbon gases at the treatment temperature. The extract is further separated into solvent-soluble fraction, Soluble, and solvent-insoluble fraction, Deposit, at room temperature. The method can produce a large amount of Soluble which consists of ashless, carbon-rich, low-molecular-weight compounds. In this study the upgrading mechanism of biomass in the proposed method was examined. It was clarified that intermolecular dehydration reactions of cellulose which cause polymerization were significantly suppressed in the presence of solvent and then bond cleavage reactions proceeded in parallel with intramolecular dehydration reactions, resulting in the formation of low-molecular-weight compounds with more unsaturated double bonds.

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Coal has better stability of price and supply compared to other fossil fuels. In particular, subbituminous coal is expected effective utilization because that has low cost and long minable years. However, subbituminous coal has the self-ignition risk that caused by reacting with oxygen in the air. Therefore, an objective of this study is the elucidation of oxygen adsorption properties of coal. Experimental samples are some kinds of the subbituminous coal and bituminous coal. In the oxygen adsorption experiments between 356K and 476K in 50%N_2-50%O_2 atmosphere, the amount of oxygen adsorption on the coal was determined by thermobalance. As a result, it is found that the oxygen adsorption amount of bituminous coal is larger than those of subbituminous coal and oxygen adsorption amount is correlated with the carbon content of the coal.

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A molecular weight of asphaltene recovered from Middle-East vacuum residue was determined by GPC equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). By setting the evaporation tube temperature at 15 ℃, samples with boilin points above 360 ℃ colud be determined. A linear relation was observed between the injected sample amount and the converted intensity by equation 1. The chromatograms obtained using an ELSD and a refractive index (RI) detector for a 6 g/L asphaltene solution was equivalent to each other. Average molecular weights could be determined using 0.1-6 g/L of asphaltene solutions by setting suitable conditions.

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Solid-state NMR techniques with high spinning frequency (over 50 kHz) have been applied to structural analysis of organic species in coal. Especially, higher spinning frequency drastically improves spectral resolution of ^1H and ^1H-related (e.g. ^1H-^<13>C correlation) NMR spectra because of partially averaging out the ^1H-^1H dipole interaction. Simple one-dimensional ^1H MAS (magic-angle-spinning) spectra of brown coal shows that a signal assigned to methoxy group are separated from other aliphatic signals. Information on proximity between hydrogen-carbon/hydrogen-hydrogen have also been obtained by using an indirect (1H detection) ^1H-^<13>C HETCOR (heteronuclear-correlation) and a SQ/DQ (single-quantum/double-quantum) spectroscopy.

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The C=C bond lengths in various aromatic carbon compounds were estimated by the density function theory (DFT) using the software, Gaussian09. The distribution of carbon layer planes in anthracite was analyzed by Diamond's method considering the C=C bond length obtained by DFT method.

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Produced water, which is produced as a byproduct of oil and gas production, has been physically treated to separate oil and water. Recently, it has been desired to develop the method to degrade organic pollutants in the produced water due to the strict environmental regulation. In this study, a flow-type reactor utilizing electro-Fenton oxidation is developed to degrade organic pollutants. Macro-porous carbon electrode is found to be suitable as a cathodic electrode for this purpose. Ferric ions can be reduced to ferrous ions to generate OH radicals via Fenton reaction. Coulomb efficiency of this electrode is almost kept constant even at high current density. Phenol of 30 mg/L in 3% NaCl solution can be almost degraded by this system.

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Theoretical power generation efficiency of Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC) is very high about 100%. DCFC have better characteristics, for example, various solid carbon resources including coal, the petroleum coke and biomass carbon as a fuel. However, a high temperature between 500 and 900℃ is necessary for operation of the DCFC. In this study, to keep the high temperature for the DCFC operation and to use the CO_2 in combustion flue gas, the container shape and the carbon feeding method as the outside heat supply method and the carbon combustion behavior in molten carbonate as the internal heat supply method were studied.

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A characteristic of fuel cell is to convert directly into electric energy not through the heat energy. Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is different from the SOFC and MCFC using the gas fuel and is for solid carbon fuel including various organic resources. The overall reaction is C+O_2→CO_2 and the theoretical conversion efficiency is close to 100%. The DCFC is useful for emergency power in the event of a disaster. In this study, the carbon rod and powder is used as the fuel, molten carbonate and mixed hydroxide as the electrolyte. To clear the power generation characteristics and the optimum conditions, the influence of the anode and the cathode shape and size were evaluated. The result shows that the reaction on the anode is important as the rate-determing step in this experiment. Additionaly, as the electrolyte, the carbonate is superior to the hydroxide to keep high performance of the powder generation.

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