Objective: This study aims at devising novel bibliometric indicators to evaluate academic impact of research papers or researchers. Methods: Citation relation among articles (or other materials such as Web pages) is expressible as an oriented graph in which a node is an article and an edge is a citation link between an article and its reference. In addition, an oriented graph relating authors can be considered in which a node is a set of an author's articles (‘oeuvre’) and an edge is citation link(s) between two oeuvres. We devise and examine some impact indicators for articles and authors, using the simultaneous equations or the eigenvector for a graph matrix build from those oriented graphs. Results and Discussions: Two models for impact evaluation of articles are devised: (a) Distributed Citation Model (DCM) and (b) Knowledge Pool Model (KPM). The both models contrive to ensure the existence of the solution for the simultaneous equations or the eigenvector as impact indicators, taking into account a feature of articles that citations are necessarily made into one direction (from present to past). Next, ResearcherImpact (RI) is proposed as a model giving authors' impact. This uses the number of articles by an author cited by another author as an element of the graph matrix. The RI model is applied to impact evaluation of 15 principal authors in the bibliometric field. Conclusion: (1) The impact evaluation models DCM, KPM and RI proposed here give high impact scores to articles/authors contributing to (=frequently cited by) articles/authors of high impact (‘hubs’), compared to the simple citation count method. They are effective, therefore, for identification of a high impact community. (2) When applying RI, authors to be evaluated must be in a same research field and contemporary with each other, and also the matter of self citations and citations within a same affiliated institute or a research group should be noted.

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This paper takes the issue with Turkle's assertion. Thought it has been often pointed out, Turkle reported that the self is multiple and distributed in the age of the Internet. But little attention has been given to another aspect of Turkle's study. Because binding is acted on each of multiple selves, coherent expression is demanded from him/her. In addition, because mentality has internal mechanisms, the acceptance of multiple selves depends on the internal mechanisms. Turkle's argument is based on these points properly. However, this paper must present doubt for Turkle's assertion about personal web pages. Turkle's statement about personal web pages is adequate only when some conditions are satisfied.

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Various movements are seen about making the computer screen the protection object of the intellectual property law. The graphical user interface "GUI" provides the active screen which can be operated. The GUI began generally to be used for 1980 years, and shows rapid extent. And now it is indispensable existence in the computer software because both the user and the developer have advantages in convenience etc. Whereas, various problems pile up in the legal protection of the screen by the GUI. One problem is which law should protect the GUI. There are many precedents in the patent law and the copyright law. The "Ichitaro, Hanako" matter and the "Cybozu" matter are taken. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate a subject and view with doing the present analysis of the protection of the screen under the present condition.

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Literary museums are assumed to function as both a library and a museum. However, since literary museums also publish pictorial records, museum bulletins, catalogues, and reprints, they can be seen to encompass publishing as a third function. Reprint serves an important role in research on modern Japanese literature because they lead researchers to discover new facts and they allow the facts to be confirmed while following a chronological path. An investigation of reprinted books and magazines at the Museum of Japanese Modern Literature revealed a total of 2,056 copies. In addition, it was found that 95% of them had been made between 1967 and 1985. There are several possible reasons why the creation of reprints slowed after 1986: there were fewer materials that required reprinting; commercial publishers started to reprint old titles; certain copyright issues came into play; the original copies became unavailable; the technology to produce reprints was no longer available; and the money to fund this kind of work was no longer available.

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