This paper explores the features of the references cited in clinical practice guidelines. Two guidelines “Diabetes Clinical Practice Guidelines” and “Ovarian Cancer Treatment Guidelines” were selected. They had been revised three or more times, and the timing of these revisions was similar between the guidelines. The references in each version of each guideline were analyzed from three viewpoints: 1) year of issue and citation age; 2) continuation, addition, and deletion; and 3) research design. As the guidelines were formulated with an emphasis on evidence, there was a tendency for the citation age to be higher than that of the medical textbooks. When comparing the versions of each guideline, some of the later versions had lower citation ages than before they were revised. In the later versions, also, new and old citations were added and deleted, respectively, rather than just adding the new citations to those from the previous version.

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In Japan, natural disasters are inevitable events, and thus, studies on countermeasures for earthquakes and tsunamis are of great importance. In this study, we modelled tsunami evacuation behaviour that covered from an occurrence of earthquakes to the completion of evacuation, with focus on information seeking behaviour, by applying Modified Grounded Theory Approach (M-GTA) to testimonies obtained from people who experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake. The outcomes of analysis yielded 37 concepts in eight categories, and the tsunami evacuation process was grouped into four categories such as "decision-making on evacuation", "well-planned evacuation", "ill-planned evacuation", and "completion of evacuation". The assessments on the proposed evacuation behaviour process, we identified the importance of 1) increasing concrete vision and crisis awareness of tsunami, and 2) developing measures to accelerate an initiation of evacuation action, as facilitation of countermeasures for earthquakes and tsunamis.

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This study is aimed at investigating the function of school libraries as information centers, clarifying the present state and problems of facilities and equipment of the information environment in school libraries through a questionnaire survey among persons-in-charge of school libraries in high schools and secondary schools, and looking into how school libraries should be operated as information centers going forward. Questionnaires were sent to persons-in-charge of school libraries from 947 public high schools and secondary schools in prefectures with a 100% school librarian assignment rate, and responses from 424 schools were received (44.8% response rate). In conclusion, the author proposes the establishment of learning commons as the future model for school libraries serving as information centers. The paper presents the current state of the creation of websites and the provision of electronic books, which are necessary for establishing the information environment of school libraries as learning commons.

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In this paper, I discuss Kato Hidetoshi as a media intellectual of a dispute of existential feeling. Kato argued with Jun Eto, for his affirmation of reality in "Middle Culture". Kato's theory of existential feeling is unique in that it is discussed from the perspective of pragmatism, which is the root of Riesman's ideology. Kato's theory of existential feeling, which is based on pragmatic observation of reality, was a pioneer of the Japanese consumer society theory. Kato is sympathy for the other-directed type. In this paper, media intellectuals' sympathy for the other-directed type is influenced by whether a media intellectual was educated at University of Tokyo or not, where German ideology is strong. As a post-WWⅡ, while many media intellectuals were under the influence of the left and Marxism, there is Kato's characteristic as a media intellectual in that Kato grasped a real sense of high economic growth.

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The usefulness of the information by 238 local community FM broadcasting stations during disasters was reported by several papers and books, but some persons, such as the hearing-impaired or foreign residents, with limited access to information via radios exist. In this research, a questionnaire sent to community FM radio stations in Japan, and asked about the use of social media like Facebook at normal and disaster times and about information sharing to the hearing-impaired and to foreign residents. 146 radio stations out of 169 are using social media at normal times and 107 do so at the time of disasters. If the radio stations realize the possibilities of social media to share information to such people and the people realize the written information on social media, the radio stations could be new platforms to support a diversified society.

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　On whether search results displayed mechanically by search engines can be guaranteed by freedom of speech, court cases and theories in the United States have mainly shown that (1) an approach that search engine processes and results display are opinion, and (2) an approach that they are an editorial judgment of the mass media. In (1) approach, since search engines are not a "person", they are not guaranteed as opinion of the search engines themselves. And they are not guaranteed opinion of the engineer, because search results are not usually reflected opinion of the programmer. In (2) approach, since search engines do not control the speech through their editorial status and do not form a single speech as a whole by collecting the objects of speech, they are not guaranteed as an editorial judgment of the mass media.

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