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Article type: Cover
1994 Volume 91 Pages
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Published: September 25, 1994
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Article type: Appendix
1994 Volume 91 Pages
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Article type: Index
1994 Volume 91 Pages
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Article type: Index
1994 Volume 91 Pages
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Masayoshi KUBO, Shinji MIZUI, Katsuhiko SAITO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
1-10
Published: September 25, 1994
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For a design of Marine Guide Fence, two step questionnaires are conducted to users of fishery harbors under severe weather condition. The obtained results are summarized as follows : (1) The thresholds of wind speed and wave height at ship entry into harbors vary by each fishery harbor. Particularly the limit of wave height shows wide variation from 1.5m to 5m. (2) Wave group near the harbor entrance has a kind of regularity and fishermen manoeuvre their ship so that they can pass through the entrance when the waves are small. (3) Fishermen think more of wave conditions than wind ones in entering into a harbor. (4) The distribution of degree of fishermen's tension and relief at harbor entrance shows single sharp peak for the harbor with only main and sub breakwaters, on the other hand it shows flat for the harbors with many breakwaters due to wave attenuation at the entrance. If the distance between the entrance and the most tense position is converted to the ship length, it is (5〜7)L. (5) The ship speed under strong wind and waves is approximately 3.5〜6.0 knots with the cumulative relative frequency of 0.2〜0.8. (6) Under severe weather condition, almost fishing boats slow down near the entrance. However, at the harbor where boats receive against wind and waves, they speed up and pass through the entrance quickly.
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Masayoshi KUBO, Kenji SASA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
11-19
Published: September 25, 1994
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It is hard to simulate moored ship motion because of a mooring force, especially in sway mode. When the ratio of spring constants between fender and mooring line is large, subharmonic motions occur. In previous paper, we introduced the approximate calculation method using Asymmetrical Amplification Function. In this paper, firstly we divided subharmonic motions into three wave patterns, and evaluate its influence to the ship mooring and cargo handling. We focus on the averaged value of U, the water particle velocity over wetted surface and investigate the time at which the ship collides with the fender and separate from the fender. As a conclusion, we propose a fender criterion of the subharmonic motions.
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Kohei OHTSU, Kouichi SHOJI, Tadatsugi OKAZAKI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
21-29
Published: September 25, 1994
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The minimum time stopping problem under wind disturbance is systematically treated in this paper. The problem is formulated as the two points boundary value problem in the calculus of variations as used in the previous paper^<1)>. And from these calculations, it is concluded that the minimum time stopping maneuver under wind disturbance is skillful method that the wind effects to ship's motions are enough considered.
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Hiroyuki ODA, Kazuyuki IGARASHI, Keiichi KARASUNO, Hiroharu MATSUSHIMA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
31-39
Published: September 25, 1994
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The ship handling by a human operator using a propeller, a rudder and side thrusters is so troublesome against complex operations of these devices and especially under the external disturbances at dead speed in berthing or ocean research. It will be a necessary expected theme to simplify the dead slow speed maneuvering especially for domestic freight ships which repeat entries into a port and departures from there and also for oceanographic training ships. Thus in this study, the authors propose their original maneuvering function and the maneuverability of the controller operated in dead slow speed. In this first paper on such a theme, after estimating it, authors present an improved controller with better maneuvering function and maneuverability which is based upon conventional style of joystick controller. Further we will discuss a new method as a controllable design method using a weighting matrix on power distribution which have wide application among different type of ships. Lastly we show the results of full scale experiment at oceanographic observation operating above mentioned improved control system.
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Kazuyuki IGARASHI, Hiroyuki ODA, Naoki KUSHIDA, Harumi YAMASHITA, Yosh ...
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
41-49
Published: September 25, 1994
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The main theme of this study is to certificate the function which is requested to a maneuvering controller operated at dead slow speed in berthing or oceanographic observation and also to establish a controllable design method to actualize the function. In the former paper as concerns this theme, the authors have proposed an improved maneuvering controller considering its function and maneuverability. In this paper, the authors examined the maneuverability of maneuver control system with which we located a ship equipped with bow thruster, Cpp and Schilling rudder. Further the authors propose an actual controllable design which has been consisted of actuator system. And the results of actual experiments on ship are shown concerning with characteristic maneuverability which include crabbing in the effect of this system.
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Hiroyoshi HINATA, Kuniji KOSE
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
51-59
Published: September 25, 1994
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In the present papers reported are the results of simulator studies which have been carried out for evaluating the navigation difficulty in the waterways blocked by many fishery nets. The maneuvers to be utilized in such waterways were modeled as a kind of pallarel shift maneuvers executed by switched rudder movement with constant angle. In the senarios to be developed for the simulations the fishery nets were modeled as a kind of slit-like obstacles and the several degrees of blockage effect on maneuvering difficulty were set by selecting rudder angle in ideal parallel shift maneuvers. In the simulations the pilots were requested to pass through the waterways by their procedures and simulations were carried out by the members of the Inland-Sea Pilots Association. It is pointed out that the difficulty evaluated by the pilots have strong relation to the rudder angles used for pallarel shift maneuvers which determined the slit arrangements. It can be concluded that the maneuvering difficulty in blocked waterways is measured by the ratio of the rudder angle which is applied for modeling the real waterways, to maximum performance.
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Kuniji KOSE, Hiroaki KOBAYASHI, Sadami TERAMOTO, Hidemitsu YAMADA, Yas ...
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
61-69
Published: September 25, 1994
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To reduce maritime casualties, an integrated navigation system (INS) has been of great concern and effort has been done for developing such a system. To establish the effective system, consideration must be given to the navigator's sophisticated information processing and decision making aspects which have not been known till now. The authors developed the simulator-based procedure for investigating human's decision making process as well as brushing up the INS. The prototype of the INS was designed and manufactured and then was set in the harbor maneuvering simulator of Hiroshima university. Several scenarios of realistic navigation simulations in congested waterways were made up and simulation studies were carried out with captains. In the present report the developed simulator-based procedure and some results of the simulator studies for brushing up the INS are reported.
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Hideo YABUKI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
71-78
Published: September 25, 1994
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Full-scale stopping tests for various J_<so>(=U_o/(n・D)) are carried out in order to evaluate each stopping ability of two Training Ships, both with a Highly Skewed Propeller (HSP), and a Training Ship with a Conventional Propeller (CP). All of them are of 5,000〜5800 G.T. As a result, both two HSPs show comparatively less astern power than that of a CP in ahead-reverse condition. Stopping time and distance of each ship with a HSP are found longer than those of the ship with a CP. Additionally, in case of test ships, Side Reach and Final Directional Angle with HSP are a little bigger than those with CP, so that HSP seems to have slightly strong power generated to change her head rightward than CP. During stopping maneuver of a HSP ship, it, therefore, is recommended to apply a little higher reversing propeller revolution than the case of a CP ship.
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Hiroyuki SADAKANE, Shinnzou NISHINDAI, Norio YUDA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
79-88
Published: September 25, 1994
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This paper deals with ship oscillations caused by ship-generated waves. The characteristics of the ship oscillations are derived from experiments using a freely floating small-ship model and a sailing ship model in deep water. To explain the derived characteristics, the wave pattern of ship-generated waves and wave moments acting on the small-ship model are examined. The following results were obtained. (1) The maximum roll and the maximum heave of the small-ship occur in the condition a short crest wave of the diverging waves enters parallel to the floating small-ship. (2) The short crest wave makes an angle of about 45〜50°to the sail line (Figures 2 and 3). (3) The maximum pitch occurs in the condition the small-ship is parallel to the sail line. (4) Sailing ship speed has a strong influence on the above oscillations. (5) The wave height approximately decreases with S^<-1/5.88>, where S is the distance from the sail line. (6) The period of the short crest wave is about 0.64 times that of the transverse waves. (7) The maximum roll can be estimated using the wave roll moment measured.
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Shigeaki SHIOTANI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
89-102
Published: September 25, 1994
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This paper deals with a fundamental research exclusively on wave-making phenomena generated by a planing flat plate of finite span. The experimental investigations on wave-making phenomena in a circulating water channel are described. The parameters controlling the wave generation are investigated and the relations between the parameters and the generated wave profiles are obtained. As the results, the mechanisms of wave-making phenomena are well observed and understood as a whole.
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Tatehiko MIKI, Satoru YAMAUCHI, Koichi SHINTANI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
103-110
Published: September 25, 1994
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It is wellknown that modalshift among several transportation methods is governed by the delivery time and the transport capacity of each mode as well as their freight rates. In the former paper, the authors dealt with a modelling approach to the consigner preference structure of modalshift. This paper shows that the modified mixed integer linear programming model for modalshift is proposed to include the transport capacity other than transport cost and investment cost, and the attempt was made to interprete the mathematical model for modalshift geometrically how the breakeven analyses are made among several modes when their fixed and variable cost data are available. The results are discussed with case study analyses.
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Hiroyuki MATSUMOTO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
111-120
Published: September 25, 1994
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Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) is a routing measure aimed at the separation of opposing streams of traffic by appropriate means and by the establishment of traffic lanes. A ship navigating in or near a TSS adopted by International Maritime Organization (IMO) shall comply with Rule10 of COLREG 1972 to minimize the development of risk of collision with another ship. But TSS has some problems concerned law application for infringement of TSS and coastal and flag state jurisdiction. In this paper, I discuss the conception and legal significance of TSS through historical argument in IMO and a judicial analysis of maritime cases in a viewpoint of legislative policy.
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Fan YU, Saburo SUZUKI, Masao FURUSHO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
121-129
Published: September 25, 1994
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When a vessel navigates along the coast at night, the look-out is one of the most important measures to ensure the navigational safety for the operator. Recently it is inevitable for the coastal lights to increase in a large amount with a great quantity of development of the coastal industries. At the same time, this causes the navigating vessels greatly and results in influence on the proper look-out. This report is the study of the background lights in Kobe Port which threatens greatly the safety of the vessels proceeding in and out, and the study of many collision cases caused by the background lights. The maximum luminance of the Port Island in Kobe Port observed from Ikari-Yama is 7cd/m^2. This value is approximately 900 times of the allowable limit. In addition, the 43% persons of 17 observers getting on a boat at a night point out that it is more difficult to sight the light of No. 1 Breakwater's East Light-house. According to this study of the collision cases, the first sight distance is shortened year after year. The authors conclude that it is more difficult to keep the proper look-out in and off harbor and coasting caused by the container yard's lighting, from these standpoints mentioned above, this paper points out some significant basis to improve the present marine traffic enviornment.
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Masao FURUSHO, Masaaki TOMONAGA, Shusaku IMOH
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
131-140
Published: September 25, 1994
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The sun glitter caused by the reflection of the direct solar radiation. This report is the experimental study of the sun glitter influence on the visual performance, and of the most effective sunglasses which can reduce the sun glitter influence for the watch-keeping seafarers on the navigation bridge. The instruments are two types of device, one is the vision tester called OPTEC-2000 which can measure the contrast sensitivity ; the other one is the flicker tester. The results obtained from this experiment on board are as follows ; 1. The mean level of the luminance of the sea surface below the horizon at approximately one degree is 2×10^5cd/m^2. The maximum level is 1×10^6cd/m^2. This sun glitter influence occurs after sunrise and again before sunset. 2. The sun glitter is a disability glare which lowers the visual performance greatly. 3. Evaluation of sunglasses. (1) The use of sunglasses has the effect of counteracting the reduction of visual perform ance caused by the sun glitter. (2) The most effective sunglasses to counteract the sun glitter influence The transmitted color is the green group which has the characteristics of absorbing the wave length of the visible range, of course including the ultraviolet radiation. There is a tendency that the 20% transmittance of the green group sunglasses has a little influence on the visual performance. (3) There are some cases where polarized sunglasses are used to look through the windshield of the navigation bridge. This causes stripes to appear on the visual field. 4. For the watch-keeping seafarers on the navigation bridge, it is important to use the sunglasses mentioned above in order to combat the effects of the reduction of visual performance caused by the sun glitter influence.
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Hideki HAGIWARA, Ruri SUZUKI, Yoichi IKUTA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
141-152
Published: September 25, 1994
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In this study, the simulation programs to compute the optimum aircraft routes, i.e. minimum time, minimum fuel and time/fuel saving routes, were developed based on the forward dynamic programming algorithm. The flight performance of B747-400 was also investigated to represent the air speed, fuel consumption, etc. during climbing, cruising and descent as the functions of flight altitude and weight. Using forecasted upper wind data provided by the U.K. Meteorological Office, the optimum route simulations for B747-400 flying Narita-San Francisco route were performed. By analyzing the simulation results, it was found that compared with the present daily routes instructed by the U.S. Air Route Traffic Control Center, the flight time and fuel were considerably saved on the computed optimum routes.
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Masashi KAWAI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
153-159
Published: September 25, 1994
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Results are presented on orbital analysis of the communications satellite-3a (CS-3a) and the broadcasting satellite-3a (BS-3a), which are geosynchronous satellites. Range and angle data were obtained at Kimitu Satellite Control Center from June to July, 1993. Post-fit RMS residuals of range data of 48-hour arcs were about 1 meter when the sun and the moon are located in the same direction or in the opposite direction, and about 2 meters when the angle between the moon and the sun at the earth were about 90 degrees. The analysis of CS-3a orbit shows that there are periodic fluctuations of 12-hour period were detected in post-fit residuals of the range data when the sun and the moon are located in the same direction or in the opposite direction.
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Kenji NIIMI, Akira ISHIDE, Mitsuhiro FUJITA, Kiyoshi YUKAWA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
161-167
Published: September 25, 1994
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Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) is a system whereby aircraft automatically transmits, via data link, data derived from onboard navigation system such as IRS. It is expected to improve the ATC surveillance capability in oceanic aerospace. The ADS Pacific Engineering Trials are being conducted to collect basic data for ADS. The trials were conducted using INMARSAT satellites and Japan Airlines' B747-400 aircraft with a low rate satellite data communication system on overseas flights from U.S.A. to Japan, from Japan to Singapore and from London to Japan. The results of the trials are shown as follows ; 1) The aircraft movement in the oceanic space can be monitored accurately at a satellite elevation angle of 3.1 degrees. 2) The ratio between ADS request transmissions and ADS data receipt was 83%. 3) The transmission delay of most ADS data is about 80 seconds. 4) The distance between ADS-derived position and predicted position can be reduced using the value of a ground track angle and a ground speed.
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Mitsuhiro FUJITA, Fumitaka MATSUZAKI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
169-176
Published: September 25, 1994
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Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) is a new surveillance system using a data link for air traffic services. Basic ADS Block, one of the data blocks in ADS report, includes three-dimensional position, time and Figure Of Merit (FOM). FOM is a newly-adopted performance index represented by 8 levels that notifies the capability of onboard navigation system to air traffic controllers. Each level is defined by 95% probabilities of position determination errors. We evaluated Inertial Reference System (IRS) positioning errors with reference to GPS-derived positions to validate the correctness of FOM levels by flight tests. We also showed the variation of IRS positioning errors to the flight progress.
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Takaaki NISHI, Kazuo TAGUCHI, Kazunari MIYAZAKI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
177-183
Published: September 25, 1994
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The observations of ECD (envelope to cycle difference) in the Northwest Pacific Loran C Chain (9970), Master (Iwo Jima) and Secondary Y (Okinawa), were made at Kagoshima during the years 1989-1992. Propagation distances are 1295km and 600km respectively over the Kuroshio current. The results showed remarkable seasonal variations of ECD of two stations over the four years. The ranges of ECD variation of the both transmitters revealed the entirely same seasonal change pattern, and a significant inverse correlationship was found between ECD and seawater temperature ; ECD-decrease in summer and ECD-increase in winter. This results would be useful for the propagation correction table of Loran C covering the Pacific coast of Japan homeland.
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Yukito IIJIMA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
185-193
Published: September 25, 1994
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It is very useful and important for collision avoidance to recognize other ship's manoeuvring intention and motion in early stage. The International Regulations for the Preventing Collision at Sea provides the manoeuvring signals using a whistle and a light in the Rule 34. However, these signals have such defects that the former is limited to short range and a transmitting ship is unrecognizable, the latter is not effectively practiced owing to manualy inputting signals-not automatically and range limitation is especially in daytime as well. The manoeuvring signals using radar transponder is a suplement system of the above defects-that reaches in long range and transmits signals automatically, and shows the same meaning signals as the whistle blasts on a radar scope of ship in the vicinity. The results of experiment at lake showed the detective range of 5 miles as designed. The system design and the results of experiment will be described in this paper.
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Nobuo ARIMURA, Kazunari YAMADA, Shinobu SUGASAWA, Yoshinari OKANO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
195-201
Published: September 25, 1994
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A model of effective domain which is related to indices for evaluating the navigation used in collision prevention support system was studied. The relations between vessel's tactical performance and the speed are statistically analyzed based on data given in the Japan Vessel Specifications, Japan Domestic Vessels Specifications, maneuverability tests, etc. Effective domain is expressed as a relation of elements such as tactical performance, speed, ship length, etc. The statistically obtained results are useful as reference used in a maneuver support system which estimates the size and the speed of other vessels based on the watch information to thereby avoid possible collision areas.
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Masaaki INAISHI, Kouichi ADACHI, Chiharu YAMASHITA, Akio M. SUGISAKI
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
203-211
Published: September 25, 1994
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It is an important solution to construct the lookout support neural network system for navigation at sea in order to raise a ship operation support level. This paper is concerned with a systematization of lookout function and with a picture recognition neural network system for a course and a type of ship estimation. The neural network topology is three-layered network, which consists of 36 units for input layer, 108 units for hidden layer and 26 units for output layer. Pictures of three-dimensional computer graphics which display ten kinds of ship design drawings are used for supervised training pictures. The summary of the results are shown below. (1) The lookout function which consists of a circumstances watch sub-function and a decision making sub-function is shown in a hierarchical block diagram. (2) Correct recognition rate of the course estimation and the type of ship estimation is 55.5% and 44.4% respectively. (3) Information of a navigational circumstance picture segmentation system building is obtained.
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Kinzo INOUE, Shigeru USAMI, Wataru SERA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
213-220
Published: September 25, 1994
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In the previous paper, authors proposed a model to estimate the difficulty of a collision avoidance manoeuvre in a geographically restricted water area. The aim of this model was to express the mental load of the mariner, taking note that how many actions can be actually chosen amongst the action space of the course-change and the speed-reduction, from the viewpoint of the physical limitation of the manoeuvring action. In the present paper, the results of the improvement of this model are reported. The improvements were made on a few points as follows ; the introduction of a weighting function on the action space of manoeuvre, the consideration of the ship domain and the minimum passing distance against the obstacles in the restricted water and etc. As the results, this corrected model gave suitable agreement with the subjective difficulty which the mariner would feel during the collision avoidance manoeuvre.
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Kinzo INOUE, Masayuki KAWASE, Kouhei HIRONO, Ichiro OHNO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
221-229
Published: September 25, 1994
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It is desired to develop criteria for measuring the safety level of a collision avoidance manoeuvre between a high speed craft and a conventional vessel. For any each manoeuvre these criteria should be able to quantify the desirable distance at which high speed craft should take course change manoeuvre against a conventional vessel and the minimum distance at which ships should pass each other. The experimental studies on a ship handling simulator involving 16 mariners from conventional vessels were carried out to clarify the mariner's preference of these factors. On the basis of these studies it became possible to propose safety criteria for ships navigating at high speed when making collision avoidance manoeuvres.
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Masayuki KAWASE, Kouhei HIRONO, Kinzo INOUE
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
231-239
Published: September 25, 1994
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In the previous paper, the authors proposed safety criteria for ship's navigating at high speed when making collision avoidance manoeuvres based on the experimental studies on a ship handling simulator involving 16 mariners from conventional vessels. And then, the authors applied these criteria to the data obtained from the experimental study using ship handling simulator. In the simulation scenario, the actual traffic congestions in the Osaka-wan bay were set up and a Jet Foil for the own ship on the simulation navigated among such traffic conditions. As a result, the authors confirmed that these criteria were able to evaluate the Risk Impact and High Speed Craft's navigating could get evaluation high leveled in the simulation scenario.
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Hiroyuki SHIMADA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
241-246
Published: September 25, 1994
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It is requested in the field of navigation to know how ship navigators are executing information processing. A basic experiment regarding human cognitive abilities was carried out. The present experiment is related to spatial orientation (mental rotation). This experiment was run on line with a microcomputer. The tasks which were required to subjects were to respond with typing keyboards whether target letters on CRT were right or right-left-reversed. Target letters were rotated according to the indexes of orientation which were presented before target letters. The indexes of rotation were presented during 100msec or 2000msec. When degree of rotation increased until 180 degrees, response times of subjects increased. These results were also found under two time conditions of the indexes of rotation. These were different from the preceding findings of Cooper et al. These are studied in the relation with the radar monitoring work that ship navigators carried out.
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Hiroaki KOBAYASHI, Akifumi TAKEUCHI, Akiko UCHINO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
247-253
Published: September 25, 1994
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As a high-tech system depends on the machine side for main part, human operator mainly acts the judgement for the machine processing. For this system, system must be evaluated including system operators. It is important to evaluate the human mental load, however the method of evaluating the mental load of system operator is yet to be established. In this paper, the evaluation method using 2nd'ry task was studied to estimate the mental load. The obtained results are as follows ; 1) It is the effective way to evaluate the mental operation load using 2nd'ry task. 2) The evaluation results by this method indicate the difference quantitatively relating to the each mental load level. 3) It is not satisfy for evaluating human load to use subjective evaluation or performance evaluation individually, evaluation by 2nd'ry task must be joined to these methods.
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Hiroaki KOBAYASHI, Akiko UCHINO
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
255-261
Published: September 25, 1994
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The safety at ship handling depends on the human characteristics for processing, collecting and deciding on the navigation information. Especially about other ship's information, the human has to get it by own vision. It is necessary to study the human characteristics concerning visual information for other ship's information. The other ship's information is composed of "the aspect angle", "the relative distance" between each other, and "the absolute speed" about other ship. In this paper, the human characteristics concerning visual perception for the other ship's information are obtained, and their influences on the safety in ship handling are studied. More over, the factor on these characteristics is studied. The following conclusions are obtained. (1) The human characteristics concerning visual perception for other ship's information have specific tendency, so it is necessary to consider its tendency for safety at ship handling. (2) Applying these human characteristics for planning the ship's superstructure, fairway conditions and vessel traffic services, we can get the more safety and reasonable marine traffic conditions.
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Hiroaki KOBAYASHI, Atsushi ISHIBASHI, Kenji SHIMOKAWA, Yuichi SHIMURA
Article type: Article
1994 Volume 91 Pages
263-270
Published: September 25, 1994
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The estimation of maneuvering motion of twin-propeller & twin-rudder ship is not cleared still for the reason of its hydrodynamical complication. It is important to express in the interaction among the hull, propeller and rudder during maneuvering motion. In this paper, mathematical model for the maneuvering motion from ordinary speed range to low speed range are discussed. In order to know the characteristics of hull, propeller and rudder, the captive model tests are carried out for wide range concerning with yaw and sway motion. The mathematical models are examined by free running model test. The results of this study are as follows : 1) The wake ratio (1-w_P) and δ_R (rudder angle at normal force equal 0) under the maneuvering motion can not be defined by geometric drifting angle at rudder and propeller point. 2) Hydrodynamic forces acting on the hull are exactly expressed by two mathematical models classified by speed range. 3) Propeller thrust and rudder normal force are able to be divided effectively into four conditions according to the ship speed and propeller revolution. 4) The propeller thrust and rudder normal force are formulated effectively according to four conditions of propeller advance ratio.
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Article type: Appendix
1994 Volume 91 Pages
App2-
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Article type: Appendix
1994 Volume 91 Pages
App3-
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Article type: Appendix
1994 Volume 91 Pages
App4-
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Article type: Appendix
1994 Volume 91 Pages
App5-
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Article type: Cover
1994 Volume 91 Pages
Cover2-
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