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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Index
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Masaaki INAISHI, Hayato KONDO, Akira KAWAGUCHI
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
1-7
Published: March 25, 2004
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This paper presents a study and analysis of marine traffic in which multiple clusters of ships meet in the waterway. Our earlier work of an autonomous ship cluster behavior model is used, with an improvement, to realize the simulation environment. A vessel's maneuvering decision is computed by combining four independent forces : goal attainment force, contracting force, expanding force, and cluster collision avoidance force. Among them, the cluster collision avoidance force is introduced here to account for the interferences of clusters. The improved model is evaluated by examining vessel tracks in crossing, head-on, and three-way deadlock situations. It is found that the behavior of multiple clusters as they encounter each other can be simulated adequately by adjusting the weight on the ship cluster collision avoidance force. The mean distance and the aspect ratio of a ship cluster changed with encounters. The latter underwent a larger impact, always decreasing after an encounter. Although it is easy to avoid collision by adjusting weights, maintaining safe distances between ships during the close encounter of clusters is found non-trivial.
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Kunihiko MITSUBORI, Takeshi KAMIO, Takahiro TANAKA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
9-18
Published: March 25, 2004
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Recently, great attention has been paid to the reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm in the fields of the artificial intelligence and the machine learning, as a tool to solve a class of the optimization problem. We try to construct the RL framework to find the shortest course of a ship in the following fundamental situations : (A) A ship goes on a restricted sea-area with the strong tidal current, such as the Kurushima strait. (B) Two ships go on a sea-area with no tidal current while each of them avoids the collision with the other. Q-learning algorithm, which is representative of the RL algorithm, is combined with the ship's motion equations through the quantization of their variables. Finally, the effectiveness of our framework is demonstrated with the model of the sea-area.
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Kinzo INOUE, Cemil YURTOREN
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
19-25
Published: March 25, 2004
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According to recent statistics, there has been a steady increasing in the number of large-size of ships that pass through the Strait of Istanbul, which is the important international waterway links to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The new VTS (Vessel Traffic System) is constructed for safety navigation in the strait as an important safety measure but regulation criteria has been a matter of discussion at the traffic scheme regulation for the Strait of Istanbul. However the current navigation system also have not improved enough to provide to the safety navigation. For an effective VTS, it is necessary to suggest the navigable criteria with the large-size ships encountering each other. For this purpose, the marine traffic simulation has been employed to determine the encountering probabilities for large-size ships that pass through the confined water areas of the strait. This paper provides the allowable criteria for encountering of large-size ships based on the results of a simulation study by application of environmental stress model. It is expected that this management criterion will effect to maximize the value of the new traffic system in the strait.
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Mitsuru HAYASHI, Hiroshi ISHIDA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
27-35
Published: March 25, 2004
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In the weather ship's routing, it is very important to take account of the permission of the encountered wind speed and wave height and functionize them in weather ship's routing simulation models. To clarify the navigators' permission of encountered maximum wind speed and wave height in the ship's routing simulation, the questionnaire and the routing simulation were made to navigators of ripe experience. According to the questionnaire, for the safety navigation the permission of the maximum wind speed was the Gale rank in the Beaufort wind scale. Navigators had two permission of the maximum wave heights of 5 to 8m and 10 to 12m. From the results of the weather routing simulation by navigators using the optimum weather routing soft ware, for the safety navigation the encountered maximum wind speed and wave height were 30 to 40 knots and 7m at against winds and waves, 30 knots and 5 to 8m at lateral winds and waves, and 40 knots and 11m at following winds and waves, respectively.
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Takahiro KODO, Sakae NAGAOKA, Osamu AMAI, Hideo NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
37-44
Published: March 25, 2004
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The ADS (Automatic Dependent Surveillance) system has been introduced in the oceanic area. The ADS is a surveillance system, which automatically provides the navigation data derived from onboard systems to the air traffic control center via VHF or satellite data link. In full-ADS-operational environments, the prediction error, which is the difference between a reported position and its predicted position of ADS, is an important parameter to estimate the safety of an air route. We analyzed ADS along-track prediction errors of aircraft flying on the R220 of the North Pacific route in order to establish a mathematical model. This paper describes the method and results of the analysis, and proposes models for along-track prediction errors of an ADS.
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CHUNMING Fan, Hiromune NAMIE, Osamu OKAMOTO, Shinji TANAKA, Nobuaki KU ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
45-50
Published: March 25, 2004
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The accuracy of a few centimeters can be easily obtained in 2drms of the horizontal positions by RTK-GPS positioning. It is necessary, however, to provide the carrier phase data from a reference station located at a known position, to a user receiver. It is hard to purchase the expensive GPS receiver for RTK-GPS. So, the RTK-GPS users in Japan have desired the development of a more flexible, wider and less expensive carrier phase data dissemination service for a long time. In Japan, the area correction parameter FKP (flachen-korrectur-parameter; Geo++ in Germany) method has been well tested and evaluated through many projects nationwide, such as the mobile/cellular phone of the dual directional communication. Now, using the SuperBird geostationary satellite communication line, correction data transfer for the user station has tested on the RTK-GPS positioning at a fixed point before for the network-based RTK-GPS test. The SuperBird line can be disseminated the data for the wider area and the great many users simultaneously. The authors tried the RTK-GPS positioning using the correction data transmission via the SuperBird line. The investigated the RTK-GPS positioning at a fixed point in the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology about 5 km from the reference station. The 2drms in the horizontal positions are similar to the traditional RTK-GPS. And we must improve for the network-based RTK-GPS precise positioning in order for it to be used by the most people more easily.
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Masaaki WADA, Kiyoshi AMAGAI, Nobuo KIMURA, Toshihiro IWAMORI
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
51-58
Published: March 25, 2004
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The global maritime distress and safety system GMDSS has been in operation all over the world, however, it is not adequate for man-overboard accident because the object is not for the man but for the vessel. Moreover the global system such as GMDSS and the Japan coastal emergency call 118 often cause a misinformation problem. We have reported and evaluated a rescue system for man-overboard accident. In our previous papers, we proposed a local rescue system to avoid the misinformation and evaluated the mobile devices, which can send the emergency signal with the position information. Although this rescue system is very useful, it is not employed widely, since the priority for such a rescue system is lower than the other day-use system. In this paper, we propose a fusion of the rescue system and the monitoring system, which has been in operation, to put the rescue system to practical use. The experimental results show that the monitoring system is suited for the rescue system and it is very effective to combine the mobile device and the safety jacket.
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Kazuo MATSUDA, Sueharu MIYAHARA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
59-64
Published: March 25, 2004
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A new type of bridge operation support system has been developed in the project for developing a modernized coastal service vessel, which started on the background of reduction of Japanese sailors and shortage of young personnel resources in domestic marine transportation. In the present, this system is in practical use on various domestic coastal service vessels. This system is aiming at ensuring navigational safety at one-person bridge operation, and has human machine interface with speech communication applied to prevent a watch keeper from mis-operations of the system and enable him to easily operate the system without stress. It is essential and necessary to increase accuracy of speech recognition in order to reduce the burden of a watch keeper in operating a ship by means of speech communication function of bridge operation support system. In this paper, study on improvement of speech recognition rate by using plural speech recognition software on the market is described.
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Naoya ABESHIMA, Kiyoshi AMAGAI, Nobuo KIMURA, Shigeyoshi KODAMA, Hirok ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
65-74
Published: March 25, 2004
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At many ports throughout JAPAN, port disturbances caused by long-period oscillations are currently posing problems at many harbors and fishing ports but many questions about the mechanism of port disturbances are still remained. In the present study, phenomena were analyzed by field observations and factors were analyzed numerically to clarify the mechanism of the port disturbance generation accompanying the advance of long-period waves into ports. The results are as follows; (1) The port disturbances at Kumaishi Fishing Port could be attributed to resonances between the natural periods of this port in Modes 1 through 3 and the long-period components of incoming waves. (2) The results of observations and numerical analyses show, if a port has a natural beach and water passage, the resonance phenomenon reduces the amplitude amplification factor.
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Kouhei HIRONO
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
75-82
Published: March 25, 2004
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In the operation of the Safety Management System, it is useful to define the procedure that the point of view of the officer on duty is made clear. Because, it seems that the officer's viewpoint shows a focus of his consciousness, and it has relation to an activity that the officer is doing, or intends to do. And the composition of the activity sequence, it may be called "process", is controlled by officer's decision base on own experiences, awareness of the situation, including rules and regulations. However, the officer may compose inadequate activity sequence by distraction or short awareness, and so on. The Safety Management System has to be operated for the purpose of improving ship operation quality. And the SMS manual supports the officer to do duties with presentation of the standard procedures and reduces officer's potential to misjudge. Thus, contents of the SMS manual have to be improved to suit for actual stages, continuously. The author has developed a prototype computer agent to present procedures to the officer of watch. These procedures are stored in the agent as its rules. And it has designed to capture actions of the officer gets the information via its interface. This function records the fact of information access by the officer with situational data. This paper presents results of the examination to verify this function and difference of accessing information between two persons (a chief mate and a cadet) during the same watch-keeping situation. As the result, the agent system is able to capture the information access. And accessing actions depend on individual. These suggest that we can extract experienced officer's activity sequences, revise the SMS manual with referring them, and reduce the variation on duty execution by officers belong to the company.
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Hiroko ITOH, Nobuo MITOMO, Takeshi MATSUOKA, Youji MUROHARA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
83-91
Published: March 25, 2004
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Human factors in ship operation include interfaces between an operator and physical or nonphysical elements that adjacent to him/her ; such as navigation instruments, regulations, ambient environmental conditions, and those who are involved in the operation. Human factors research is required to provide a method to express how personnel on site consider the working conditions affect them with their performance, what they require to be changed or adjusted, and what they perceive as top priority for safe navigations. In this paper, we propose a human factor model extended from m-SHEL model to classify ship operation's human factors. Our model provides practical definitions to each interface of the m-SHEL model according to actual ship operations, especially pertaining to the factors relating to collision and grounding avoidance, along with tree-structured subcategories that provide the detailed representation of the interface. Considering the human factors relate to the two kinds of situation, we defined 53 subcategories in all. Then seafarers' comments on top priority for each situation, which are retrieved from questionnaire survey, are classified. The analysis and discussion upon the classified comments data show reasonable relations between seafarer's attitudes and their occupational attributes or ship types.
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Hiroyuki SHIMADA, Eiichi KOBAYASHI, Takashi ISOGAI, Kinzo INOUE, Naoto ...
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
93-99
Published: March 25, 2004
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As ships have larger mass and tend to suffer disturbance forces of wind, wave and so on, they are regarded as "time lag system" from the point of view of human operation. The purpose of this study is to investigate man's adaptation to "time lag system" through fundamental experiments and to make clear how a man makes progress to make adaptation to such a time lag system. This research was carried out according to a series of researches involved the last experiments (Shimada, et al., 2003). The experiment was carried out under control of the amount of time lag on cursor motion on CRT through PC as well as the last experiment. On each trial the participants made responses by press key to stop cursor motion at the location of the small red circle (target) on CRT. The distance between the target and the cursor was dependent variable of this experiment. The participants were divided into two groups at random under either condition of fast or slow cursor speed. The participants of each group made 400 trials which include 2 x 2 conditions of time lag (either no or large time lag from key press to response of PC and either good or bad brake efficiency). The participants made more exact responses under no lag than long time lag regardless of brake efficiency or cursor speed. Compared with the last experiment (2003), time lag got modified as no or 15 second. Two kinds of cursor speed (half and same as the last experiment) were introduced. This experiment made more complicate schema than we assumed on human adaptation to "time lag system". Fast cursor did not produce accurate responses and encourage learning on time lag system as well as slow cursor did not. Middle speed cursor produced most inaccurate responses and difficulty of learning on time lag system. Two time lags (15 and 2.6 second) made similar effects on learning on time lag system in the same condition of cursor speed as the last experiment. In this condition, the participants needed more than 90 trials to arrive at the level of accuracy in the other condition. This research needed introduction of large time lag (above 30 second) into the experiments in the next step. We continue to investigate process of learning on time lag in detail.
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Tsukasa NAGAHATA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
101-107
Published: March 25, 2004
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It is the most important special characteristic that ships all have to hold the ability to complete their navigations by themselves, and it is defined as "the self-completion ability" in this paper. The purposes of this paper are to investigate the values of varying quantities of ship's self-completion ability on the marine traffic accidents in Japan, and for a premise, to introduce the new function for rating this ability. The new function is composed of the transition ratio from the lower level damage or risk to the higher, and the levels are arranged in a series on the process of traffic accident. The numerical values of this ability are obtained by the statistical data of all the casualties and the marine accidents requiring rescue in the latter half of the twentieth century in Japan. In consequence of these numerical results, this paper points out the average of the self-completion ability at the low level risk is improving after the 1970's but the ability at the higher is not very much change during the past about 50 years, and therefore, it is necessary to improve the ability obstructing transition to the higher level risk.
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Takahiro TAKEMOTO, Yoshiharu SAKAMOTO, Masao FURUSHO, Hiroyuki SHIMADA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
109-116
Published: March 25, 2004
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The human error caused by ship's navigator can be estimated as a wide ranged subject, because there should be various internal factors and environmental factors that affect a navigator's information processing system. For the purpose of preventing from accidents, it is needed to investigate not only when and how a navigator makes error and also how the error is related to the accident. The authors have constructed and also proposed the classification model of human error on marine collision accidents, in order to analyze the causes of the accident triggered by navigator's human error and to find some hazardous factors behind the error background. Finally the authors tried to verify the availability of this classification model. In this study the authors investigated 190 marine collision accidents by applying this classification model of human error and analyzed the incidental situation of the navigators' human error.
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Shigeaki SHIOTANI
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
117-123
Published: March 25, 2004
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This paper deals with the effects of wind and tidal current on the weather routing for a small vessel in coastal sea area. The measurements of sailing time by tidal currents and leeway by wind effects of a small running vessel were carried out in real sea area. The sailing time were measured based on computer simulation for the weather routing. Also, the qualitative leeway was measured under the conditions of variable relative wind direction against a course of a small vessel. As for the results, it was considered that the effects of wind and tidal currents were very important for considering the optimum current sailing.
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Hisaaki TAKAYAMA, Ken-ichi SHIMIZU, Nobuhiro YAMAWAKI, Masaji GODA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
125-133
Published: March 25, 2004
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In this study we desired to know the core skill of working a "Ro"-scull, before the skilled people become rare. We tried to make a quantitative evaluation of working a "Ro"-scull on a wooden boat of traditional "Wasen" type operated by a veteran seaman. We constructed the following data recording and analyzing system, to measure the skill of working a "Ro"-scull. 1) Measuring the force which is given to "Ro" and "Hayao"-rope by the testee sculler with a strain gauge. 2) Measuring the characteristics of the six free motions of the test boat caused by the testee sculler. 3) Measuring the ship's speed and location data from DGPS. From above measuring and analyzing, we could obtain the following information. In contrast with the unskilled sculler, the veteran sculler didn't give much tension to "Hayao- rope", though both gave almost the same force to "Ro" blade. A yaw presents, too, the correction of the boat's course. Since the veteran sculler took a course beforehand which turned a little into the wind with estimating the driftage, he didn't need to correct the boat' course so often not like the unskilled sculler. Throughout the analysis of data from the veteran scullers, we could present some knowledge of working a "Ro" to the beginners.
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Go KOBAYASHI, Masayoshi KUBO, Shinji MIZUI, Kenji SASA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
135-141
Published: March 25, 2004
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Recently the domestic cargo transportation has to consider "modal shift" politics because of problems of road congestion and environmental issue, etc. We conducted a nation-wide questionnaire to grasp what kinds of measures are taken at the field for the safety of a cargo transportation under rough weather. Then, obtained answers of the questionnaire were classified in each sea area, and they were analyzed in detail. The obtained results for questionnaire are summarized as follows : (1) The number of days or the season of an operational cancellation is different in each sea area. (2) The most serious problem is a cargo motion due to the roll motion in swells. (3) More than 60% of shipping companies require some effective cargo safety systems for the cargo motion when ships navigate in open seas.
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Kinzo INOUE, Hideo USUI, Fumiko SHINAGAWA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
143-148
Published: March 25, 2004
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While a ship is anchoring, if the external force exceeds the holding force, the anchor moves and turns little by little. At last, dragging anchor starts. For officers, at anchor watch, it is very important to know the posture of the anchor. But, it is difficult to know it, because nobody can see the situation of the anchor on the seabed. In this paper, a monitoring system to detect the risk of dragging anchor is proposed. A sensor is attached at the specified point of the anchor chain to measure the height of sensor from seabed. And, on the basis of the relationship between risk index of dragging anchor and the change of height of the sensor, the risk of dragging anchor can be judged.
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Masa-aki SATO, Tadashi MATSUMOTO, Sachiko TSUMURA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
149-155
Published: March 25, 2004
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Recently Japan has been dependent on foreign imports for such agricultural products as wheat and soybeans. The cargo-container transportation plays an important role for the importation, but the sweat damages that occur during rapid cooling processes has been a serious problem. We made the mechanism of occurrence of the sweat damages clear by means of experiments and simulation on the containers loaded soybean, and suggested the use of the chemical adsorption type silica gel, the desiccant, for a prevention of the sweat damages. In this paper, we investigated the effect of the physical adsorption type silica gels (B and ID) on the prevention of the sweat damages in comparison with the chemical adsorption type silica gel. All the silica gels proved effective on the prevention of the sweat damages. The degrees of the effectiveness were considerably different and the physical adsorption type silica gel (B) showed the highest one. Further, when the silica gels weren't fixed in the upper air layer of the container but in the lower air layer, they exhibited no effect. These results concluded that the addition of the silica gel would be a more effective method by the selection of a silica gel and a place where it is set.
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Takahiro MAJIMA, Katsuji YAMAGUCHI, Kiyoshi SHIBATA, Masashi GAMO
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
157-164
Published: March 25, 2004
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IMO (International Maritime Organization) recognized that chronic exposure to benzene vapor in air may cause leukemia even if the concentration is very low, such as a few parts per million. Chemical tankers in Japan, however, transport various kinds of chemicals over 15 (MT/year). Not only benzene but also another chemical transported by marine vessels have adverse effects to the human health condition. In the previous paper, we analyzed the risk level caused from transporting carcinogens, benzene and acrylonitrile, with LLE (Loss of Life Expectancy). The advantage using LLE is that we can compare the degree of the adverse effects induced from exposure to carcinogens and non-carcinogens. Xylene has non-carcinogenic health effects and its transportation quantity is the largest in the chemical substances transported by tankers in Japan. In this paper, LLE of the chemical tanker crews engaged in xylene transport operation is analyzed with exposure concentration distribution obtained from field measurements. It is compared with the LLE of benzene and acrylonitrile reported in the previous paper. Furthermore, taking into account of the dependency of risk on the start age and the duration of the exposure, we represent a simple calculation method for non-carcinogens to yield the LLE.
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Kenjiro HIKIDA, Toru IWASAKI, Susumu OTA
Article type: Article
2004 Volume 110 Pages
165-170
Published: March 25, 2004
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Gas hydrate is the material which contains molecules of gas in the molecules of H_2O having structure like cages. Natural Gas Hydrate (NGH) is equilibrium state at about -80 C under atmospheric pressure and NGH is expected to be stowed and transported in higher temperature due to its property so called "Self-Preservation Effect". When NGH can be transported under self-preservation condition, NGH can be used as more economical medium for transporting natural gas than LNG. We already confirmed that Methane Hydrate Pellets (MHPs), which is supposed to have similar properties to those of NGH pellets (NGHPs), can be transported at -20 C in view of self preservation property. On the other hand, cargoes are compressed in cargo holds due to acceleration including gravity and such compressive loading may affect on the self-preservation property of NGHPs. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of compressive loading on self-preservation property of MHPs. We carried out experiments using MHPs under static compressive loading conditions at -20 C and concluded that static compressive loading is not the dominant factor on the dissociation rate of MHPs.
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2004 Volume 110 Pages
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