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El-Hocine TASSEDA, Ruri SHOJI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
1-8
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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In traffic modeling, a model is often assembled to simulate vessel streams within a designated traffic analysis zone, hereafter referred to as TAZ, such as harbors and straits. The traffic model usually consists of sub-models concerned respectively with traffic generation, and trip distribution.
In this paper, the underlying behavior and distribution of ships navigating from an Origin TAZ to a Destination TAZ are analyzed to assess the parameters behind the destination attribution based on the amount of the generated traffic at the origin. Then, the uncertainty associated and randomness with the traffic movements is estimated based on the concept of Entropy.
The results of this work provides an effective tool for evaluating the distribution of vessel traffic streams loads and appraising the level of disorder caused in Tokyo Bay. Furthermore, the model formalizes the trip distribution into a matrix that can be used as a metric for traffic generation and evaluating the fluctuation in traffic and/or TAZ traffic load assignment. Nevertheless, further research is needed to assess the traffic within the same TAZ by breaking-down every TAZ into Sub-TAZs.
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Yohei MATSUMOTO
2014 Volume 131 Pages
9-17
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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As an application of the ASM (Application Specific Message) of AIS (Automatic Identification System), which is so called “binary message”, The author developed a system which shares information of the targets tracked by ARPA(Automatic Rader Plotting Aid) with other ships and boats equipped with AIS receivers. The system transmits two types of position data; one is absolute positions and the other is relative positions to the tracker. In 2013, for both data types, the accuracy of the tracked positions was evaluated at Tateyama comparing with the GPS data of a boat under tracking, and this paper reports the result.
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A. AZOUAOU, S. FUJIMOTO, M. MELZI, M. OMAE
2014 Volume 131 Pages
18-24
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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With a length of more than 1,220 kilometres, the Algerian coastline includes 11 major ports. Each year, Algeria receives between 3,000 and 7,000 ships carrying foreign trade. To ensure that shipping is efficient and safe, Algeria exercises Port State Control (PSC), performed by Port State Control Officers (PSCOs), dispatched in stations under the administrative control of the National Coast Guard Service (NCGS). Algeria ratified the Mediterranean Memorandum of Understanding (MedMoU) in 2000, thus enacting an obligation to set up an efficient system of PSC and to achieve an objective of inspecting 15% of ships calling at its ports by the year 2003. This study will analyze the available statistics for a period of nine years (2005-2013) and results will include the findings and recommendations on improvements and enhancements to the administration of PSC in Algeria.
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Reizo WAKITA, Saeko FUJIWARA, Shoji FUJIMOTO
2014 Volume 131 Pages
25-32
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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In recent years, the utilization of AIS and VHF is recognized as being effective for preventing collisions at sea. Although VHF communication is useful for seagoing navigation, research on the relation between VHF and Rules of the Roads in Japan is relatively scarce. This study considers the relation between VHF and Rules of the Roads through the analysis of collision case data.
This results of this study showed clear VHF-communicated agreements which can lead to an easy departure from Rules of the Roads dangerous, and VHF must be used diligently and in careful agreement with the collision avoidance action. One of VHF communication's main strong points lies in its importance as a tool that informs mariners of other vessels in the vicinity.
This study concludes that the use of VHF by mariners should not take avoidance action against Rules of the Roads.
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Tomohisa NISHIMURA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
33-39
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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The accident between Atago and Seitokumaru has been reproduced using a ship handling simulator and 13 captains of patrol crafts of Japan Coast Guard have observed the target vessel Atago from the view point of Seitokumaru and they have answered a questionnaire on the target vessel in length, the crossing angle between Atago's course and Seitokumaru's course and on a method of a collision avoidance with Atago. Where, the overall length of Atago is 165 meters and the horizontal distance between her two masthead lights is about 10 meters. In order to investigate effects of the arrangement of the masthead lights, the target vessel is replaced by an ordinary cargo vessel which is almost same size of Atago and the same simulation has been conducted. In case of Atago, 10 captains have estimated her length to be at least 50m shorter than the real value and 10 captains have estimated the crossing angle to be at least 35 degrees larger than the real value and 8 captains have selected to pass Atago's bow.
In case of the cargo vessel, 3 captains have estimated her length to be at least 50m shorter than the real value and 2 captains have estimated the crossing angle to be at least 35 degrees larger than the real value and 11 captains have selected to pass the stern of the cargo vessel.
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Xiaoli XIAN, Hisayuki KUROKAWA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
40-47
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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Global warming is one of serious global problems. According to the presumption of IMO, the amount of the greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime transportation represent 850 million tons in 2007. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions from international maritime transportation represent 3% of the world's total carbon-dioxide emissions. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transportation. In this study, under the background of China's iron ore imports increased rapidly, the reduction effect of carbon-dioxide emissions by enlargement of a vessel is examined. In addition, Yangtze Estuary Deepwater channel in China is shallow and large vessels cannot pass which are fully loaded. Therefore, inquire into the reduction effect of carbon dioxide by enlargement of a ship, taking change of the draft by the loading state of a vessel into consideration. From restrictions of depth of water, enlargement of ship's size reduces a loading ratio, and it was understood that a medium-sized ship is desirable over coastal service transportation. In addition, as a result of verifying about the practical use effect of the tide in coastal service transportation, the loading ratio could be increased ten percent or more, and it turned out that it is effective in reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
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Jun TANEMOTO, Teruo OHSAWA, Katsutoshi KOZAI, Shigeaki SHIOTANI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
48-56
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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In this study, accuracy and characteristics of three global numerical weather prediction models, JMA-GSM, NCEP-GFS and ECMWF-IFS, were verified in the Middle-East and North Pacific Route. Because of very few in situ observations and heterogeneity of ship observations in both routes, wind observations from the QuikSCAT satellite were used for verification. We found two general tendencies of global numerical prediction models; 1) long range forecasts are not accurate in the North Pacific route, and 2) forecasts become especially accurate for a specific season in the Middle-East route. As the result of model intercomparison, it is found that wind forecasts from ECMWF-IFS are more accurate than JMA-GSM and NCEP-GFS for both all seasons and most areas in these routes. Although ECMWF-IFS forecasts are better than others in strong wind cases, it tend to underestimate observed wind speeds slightly.
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Koichi SAITO, Naoyuki TAKAGI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
57-62
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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The goal of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of using the Standard Marine Communication Phrases offered by the International Maritime Organization (IMO SMCP) in the context of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) in Japan. To this end, the grammatical rules and vocabulary items used in the SMCP were analyzed to see if these rules, when applied to the SMCP vocabulary, can generate phrases necessary to provide Vessel Traffic Services in Japan referring to the 234 VTS English phrases offered by the Japan Coast Guard and TST Cooperation (Toyo Shingo Tsushinsha). The results indicated that most of these English sentences can be generated by applying a limited set of grammatical rules and function words contained in the SMCP, but that it was necessary to introduce additional vocabulary items.
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Shin HEMMI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
63-74
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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Ocean-going seafarers engage in their seaman's duties in coastal areas or internal waters of other countries. Criminal or administrative law in domestic law of coastal state may be frequently applied to seafarers when they are suspected by coastal state authorities to cause illegal acts, such as marine accident or environmental pollution at sea due to malfunction of ship or navigational equipment even if it is caused by seafarers' negligence, not intent. And it is not rare case that unfair detention or excess punishment might be imposed on them suspected and they are confined in prison of coastal state. Art.292 “Prompt release of vessels and crew” has been enacted in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS, so that this article shall be said as the protection for seafarers from executions by coastal state according to it's sovereign light. On this paper, the author will examine evaluations and issues of the said article. Firstly, I check the substance rules, art.73 and 220 for art.292 in UNCLOS through their legislated process and the contents. Secondly, case laws by International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, ITLOS will be analyzed as the role of interpretation and effective use of the article. And finally, author wants to find out some issues and causes to make up the prescribed limits of the article.
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Kenichi SHIMIZU, Yasuhiro MORII, Tsukasa KINOSHITA, Hisaaki TAKAYAMA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
75-80
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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Aiming at reducing the vessel operation cost associated with the fuel consumption and contributing to the more efficient vessel operation with a view of energy saving, we, the authors, examined the impact of bottom fouling on the speed decrease and increased fuel oil consumption. Also we examined the effect of the alteration of the ship bottom paint on the improvement of speed and fuel oil consumption. We examined the level of bottom fouling and the change over the months after undocking in speed tests with the light alloy medium-sized vessel, T/S KAKUYO-MARU of Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University. As a result, the following points became obvious.
(1) The significant deterioration was seen in none of the speed and fuel oil consumption until June, four months after undocking. The speed decrease and increased fuel oil consumption came to be seen in and after August.
(2) We compared the hydrolyzable bottom paint with the conventional one about the variation of the state of fouling, speed at each engine speed, and fuel oil consumption. The bottom fouling in 2012, when the bottom paint was altered, was considerably decreased in comparison with that in 2010 and 2011 when the conventional bottom paint had been used. Therefore, it would appear that the new bottom paint had an effect.
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Etsuko NISHIMURA, Soichiro EMURA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
81-88
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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We have already considered the yard arrangement problem at the container terminal operated by each handling equipment type like RTG, RMG and SC. In that study, we have tried to compare total service time and space utilization among them. From that computational result under our assumption, RTG has outperformed SC in most cases. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the situation if new SC operations outperform SC operation as in the past, and also find the situation if new SC operation outperforms or is similar to RTG. We consider new SC operations like high-performance SC equipped, concept of container block treatment and so on.
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Shigeki SAKAKIBARA, Ikuo ABE, Masanori TSUGANE, Masayoshi KUBO
2014 Volume 131 Pages
89-99
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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The 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami at 14:46 JST on March 11, 2011 affected large areas of the eastern and northern part of Japan, and many sea disasters against vessels moored along terminal inside harbor basins occurred. We conducted surveys upon sea disasters of a VLCC at S-Port and an Aframax tanker at O-Port. There was also a severe disaster of large coal carrier at H-Port, which encountered a tsunami of tsunami wave height beyond 10 meters and damaged mooring equipment such as fenders and mooring lines, and unloader of coal, entirely. In this paper, we have also tried to reproduce the ship's behavior and analyze the mooring loads during the tsunami through a numerical simulation of tsunami and ship motion.
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Makiko MINAMI, Toshimasa KIKUCHI, Hiroko ITOH
2014 Volume 131 Pages
100-105
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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In the section of marine accident investigation on Japan Transport Safety Board, we investigate marine accidents and study preventing the occurrence of them. In recent years, accidents hardly decrease. There are about 1000 marine accidents and over 500 casualties per year. From investigation data, we found out that marine accidents, especially collisions occurred at similar place and from similar cause. Collisions cause not only losses of lives and properties but the environment pollutions. Therefore we made a Hazard map of Marine Accidents and showed it on the internet. It displays accident points on the map. The map notifies the ship operator to cross the area where marine accident occurred in the past, and can motivate the ship operator to navigate carefully and safely when passing the area. In this study, we consider the display method which is easier to understand the risk about collisions. Firstly, we classify collisions into 3 categories by encounter type. Then we proposed displaying using traffic density and kernel density estimation from collision locations.
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Akira SAITO, Kazuki MIYAJIMA, Toshio ISEKI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
106-112
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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For the reduction of ship operation cost and green gas emission, the method is discussed to estimate the relationship of fuel consumption in waves by model ship experiment. By controlling the propeller of model ship to be constant in Circulating water channel, the electric power of the motor was measured with deviating the flow speed from balanced point, to simulate the change of propeller resistance by waves. The main engine horsepower in trial was estimated, with analyzing the properties of electric power in measurement, so that it was verified that the validity of this method qualitatively.
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Mitsuhiro MASUDA, Shin IBARAKI, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Yutaro SASAHARA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
113-118
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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The omni-directional OWC wave power generation device is proposed towards installation of the tsunami observation buoy which can autonomously generate electricity and employ. The applicability and wave energy absorption performance of the OWC buoy are examined by a water tank experiment. The possibility of the energy absorption performance enhancement of the OWC wave power generation buoy are examined by making an experiment on two kinds of OWC buoy models of the bottom opening type and the side opening type. This study shows the basic energy absorption performance and the possibility of the energy absorption performance enhancement of the OWC buoy.
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Mitsuhiro MASUDA, Yoshihiko FUJITA, Eigai HAMADA, Kiyokazu MINAMI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
119-124
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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The present paper describes study on the performance of the MBW (Movable Break Water) Applies to Tsunami Damage Protection. The design of MBW facilities was movable system caused by the tsunami and considers a cost side. The purpose of installing MBW was to delay the time inflow of tsunami to the land area and finds time for refuge of the inhabitants of the areas. In addition, MBW prevent an outflow to the land area of a small ship moored at in the port. The principal aim of this study was to explore the applicability involved in tsunami damage protection system.
In this research, we performed a model experiment and measured horizontal wave pressure and the water velocity to act in MBW by letting the solitary wave which simulated a tsunami. And then the experimental results examine application possibility of MBW.
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Mitsuhiro MASUDA, Yosuke HASHIMOTO, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Koichi MASUDA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
125-130
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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When the tsunami attacks in harbor, the vessels moored at a wharf may be unable to be evacuated. In this case, the flowing damages are assumed; breaking the mooring tether, grounding on a wharf, drifting to land areas and destroying buildings. As the measure which prevents these, increase mooring tethers, increase anchors and a floating pier is mentioned. This present paper focused on the floating pier and describes the tsunami simulation and the motion analysis of vessel moored at a floating pier using MPS method (Moving Particle Semi-implicit method).
In this research, the 3D-MPS method is applied. Examination was carried out about mooring to effectiveness of the floating pier at the time of a disaster occurring. At the time of “The Great East Earthquake” that occurred on March 11, 2011, the case that a sightseeing ship moored at a floating pier was the safety was referred. The situation such as the outbreak of the earthquake and the attack of the tsunami was reproduced.
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Mitsuhiro MASUDA, Kiyokazu MINAMI, Koichi MASUDA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
131-138
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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When the tsunami attacks in harbors, the vessels moored at the wharf may be unable to be evacuated. In such a case, damages such as, breaking the mooring tethers, grounding on a wharf, drift to land areas and the collision with buildings are assumed. And, after suffering a disaster, the base for supporting medical treatment and a life is necessary to disaster victims. In this research, the floating tsunami protection wharf (FTPW) is proposed. This present paper describes the tsunami simulation and the motion analysis of vessel moored at the FTPW using the 3D-MPS Method. In this research, the disaster prevention performance of the FTPW to a vessel is examined in the solitary wave and the bore. Moreover, the feasibility of the disaster victim support base on the FTPW deck is examined. As a result, it becomes clear that the FTPW was effective to a transverse wave and deck wetness. However, the FTPW does not demonstrate sufficient performance in a longitudinal wave and a backwash.
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Putu HANGGA, Takeshi SHINODA, Shozo TAKAHASHI, Kazuhiro HIYOSHI
2014 Volume 131 Pages
139-148
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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Immense pressure on environmental impact of yard machinery as part of operating system in container handling industry has led to the introduction of hybrid straddle carrier (HSC). This study attempted to examines operational activity of HSC to distinguish major factors that embroiled in high energy cost and develop appropriate method to measure it. The proposal includes combination of data logging system, spatial data acquisition and visual motion analysis. Motion based analysis was introduced to improve the accuracy of energy analysis, and impact of various motions on HSC performance is explained. Energy analysis from measurement result was able to show that height of stack has impact on battery state of charge during lowering and traveling motion covers 52% from total fuel consumption. Some counter measures are proposed to increase efficiency as well as exploit full potential of HSC.
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Sumanta BUANA, Takeshi SHINODA
2014 Volume 131 Pages
149-158
Published: 2014
Released on J-STAGE: December 20, 2014
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It is difficult to make decision from various alternatives, when each of which has several factors with many aspects of relationship. Difficulty arises when complication due to ambiguity and close distinction among the identified aspects exists. Such circumstances occur in designing an engineering system, particularly at conceptual design stage. Thus, in order to be able to cope with the aspects that are combined with experience and knowledge of engineer and expert, we try to establish a method for making decision based on multi-criteria analysis. As an example, an evaluation model for inter-city cargo transportation in Indonesia is developed.
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