An influence of blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) on pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL) was studied.
Thirty-four anemic and nonanemic subjects who were selected for the present study were all considered as being free of any primary cardiopulmonary diseases, based on radiological examinations, ventilatory function tests, and their past history. In each of these subjects, DL, membrane diffusing capacity (DM), and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) were measured according to the method of Roughton and Forster, and Hb by the standard hematologic technic In 7 cases of severe anemia were DL, DM, and Vc measured before and after the treatment of anemia.
The results obtained are summarized in the following:
1) There was a positive correlation between Hb and DL, i. e., the lower the Hb, the lower the DL. In a group of those 7 anemics in which DL was measured before and after the treatment, an average DL increased from 12.1 to 17.8ml/min/mmHg, as Hb rised from 7.0 to 11.8g/dl followingt he treatment.
2) The mean for DM and Vc was 66.0±35.5ml/min/mmHg and 57.0±24.3ml, respectively and there was no correlation between either DL or Vc and Hb. In the 7 anemics did Vc remain unchanged through pre- and post-treatment.
3) A positive linear correlation was observed between Hb and diffusing capacity of red cells (θ⋅Vc) in all cases including those 7 cases in which anemia was much corrected by the treatment.
Thus, rise and fall of Hb appeared closely associated with proportional increase and decrease in θ⋅Vc resulting in increase and decrease in DL.

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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, especially acetazolamide, has been reported to be effective in tretment of respiratory acidosis.
The purpose of the experiment reported here is to observe CO₂ transfer in the lung, following inhibition of blood carbonic anhydrase by acetazolamide in anesthetized dogs in which one lung was rebreathed into a small rubber bag and the other lung was ventilated freely on pure oxygen.
100mg/kg of acetazolamide were given intravenously at the end of the control period.
The P_CO2 of a sample of the gas in the rebreathing bag (bag P_CO2) was compared with the P_CO2 in a sample of mixed venous blood.
The measurement fo carbonic anhydrase activity in the erythrocyte was carried as described by Roughton & Booth.
Calculation of fractional CO₂ output was as follows: The rate of CO₂ output derived from that transported in physical solution was calculated from the data of Sendroy. The estimations of carbamino CO₂ contents were based on the data of Ferguson & Roughton. The rate of output of CO₂ transported as bicarbonate was assumed to be difference between the total CO₂ content and the sum of carbamino and dissolved CO₂ contents.
The results thus obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) Inhibition of enzyme activity was about 50% throughout the experiments.
(2) The expired minute volume increased after the injection of acetazolamide. After 60min, it was 194% of the control level.
(3) 30min, after injection of acetazolamide, CO₂ output decreased to 78% of the control level and gradually returned. At 60min, it was 92% of the control.
(4) Before the injection of acetazolamide, the difference between the bag P_CO2 and the mixed venous P_CO2 was not significant. After acetazolamide, the bag P_CO2 averaged 7mmHg higher than the blood values.
Apparently, when carbonic anhydrase was inhibited, the dissolved CO₂ of mixed venous blood did not attain equilibrium with bicarbonate by the time the blood entered the lung.
(5) The partition of the total CO₂ output into the forms in which CO₂ was carried was as follows:
Before acetazolamide, 16.9% of the CO₂ output was derived from dissolved CO₂, 23.4% from carbamino CO₂, After the CO₂ output had returned to the control level following acetazolamide, 41.1% was derived from dissolved CO₂, 39.7% from carbamino CO₂, The fraction of CO₂ output derived from bicarbonate was reduced from. 59.6% to 19.2%.

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Relations between morphological changes and degrees of anthracosis in the human lungs were histologically examined in order to prove some hazardous effects of air pollution for the residents in the Osaka area.
Reid index and “mucous mucous gland ratio” of bronchial mucous gland are also comparatively studied. “Mucous gland ratio” is a ratio of mucous gland cell dimension per serous gland cell dimension, in the same bronchial mucous gland within a cross section of the large bronchus. This ratio is measured on the Linear Integration Method. Length of 16 parallel lines drawn on each mucous gland cell area and serous gland cell area are summed up. The total length across the mucous gland cell area is indicated as M and the total length across the serous gland cell area is indicated as S. Mucous gand ratio is indicated as M/S+M in this paper.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The degree of anthracosis in the lungs of men lived more than 10 years in the air polluted city is markedly higher than that of the residents in non-polluted cities.
2. The degree of anthracosis and M/S+M ratio increase as age advances. Reid index has no deffinite relations to the degree of anthracosis.
3. A relationship was obviously observed between the degree of anthracosis and squamous metaplasia of bronchial epithelial cells. Cellular infiltration within bronchial walls, hypeplasia of bronchiolar mucous cells and fibrosis of bronchial walls showed no relations with the degree of anthracosis.

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In 73 cases consisting of 46 with pulmonary tuberculosis and 27 with silico-tuberculosis, vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were recorded by Grishman's and Frank's methods, and successively, pulmonary arterial mean pressure was measured by right heart catheterization.
QRS loops of VCGs in Grishman lead were, qualitatively, classified into 4 groups such as A, B and C types and right preponderance type according to Massie etc., and that in Frank lead were classified into 4 groups such as I, II and III types and right preponderance type according to our device.
The directions and magnitudes of QRS or T loop in both Grishman's and Frank's leads, were quantitatively measured concerning such items as intial, maximal, half area and terminal QRS vectors, T-maximal vector and QRS-T angle in frontal, horizontal and sagittal planes.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) Massie's classification of VCG in Grishman's lead has no relation to pulmonary arterial mean pressure. But the authors obtained almost the same results as Massie etc., concerning A type.
2) The III type of VCG in Frank's lead is mostly found in the group with pulmonary hypertension over 17mmHg, while the I and II types are mostly found in the group with pulmonary normotension below 17mmHg.
The QRS sÊ loop is found, as a whole, in the posterior area in our III type. Pulmonary hypertension is clearly shown in the cases with the subtype of our III type, which has over 95% of QRS sÊ loop in the posterior area and has a shape like a circle or an ellipse.
Therefor, the classification deviced by us has a relation to pulmonary arterial mean pressure.
3) The right preponderance type of VCG in Grishman's as well as Frnak's lead has no relation to pulmonary arterial mean pressure in our cases.
4) There is no statistical correlation between pulmonary arterial mean pressure and direction, magnitude as well as rotation of QRS sÊ loop and T sÊ loop in Grishman's and Frank's leads.

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It is often difficult to determine the pathogenic microorganism responsible for a respiratory tract infection by bacteriological examinations of the sputa. The primary difficulty resides in the fact that sputa are commonly contaminated with oral and pharyngeal microbes. The transtracheal aspiration (TTA) developed by Pecora aims at minimizing this contamination by collecting tracheal washings proximal to the site of infection. By employing a modified TTA we have studied 158 aspirates from 113 patients with various respiratory diseases. The results of our study are summarized as follows:
1. A single bacterial strain was cultured more frequently from transtracheal aspirates than from sputa and contamination with oropharyngeal microbes was definitely uncommon in the former. Pathogenic organisms cultured from transtracheal aspirates corresponded with those from sputa in about 50% of the cases. When all bacteria regardless of their pathogenicity were taken into consideration, cultures from the 2 origins corresponded to a lesser extent.
2. Washed sputa and bronchoscopic washings were not free from the contamination with so-called normal oral microbes.
3. Possibly reflecting the influence of chemotheraphy prior to bacteriological examinations, only about a half of the patients with acute respiratory tract infections gave positive bacterial cultures by TTA. The incidence of positive culture was 44% in chronic respiratory tract infections, and 95% in bronchiectasis, respectively. Not infrequently the activity of chronic bronchitis appeared to be related with nonbacterial stimuli.
4. The most common intrabronchial microorganism found in bacterial pneumonia was pneumococcus which disappeared promptly after appropriate chemotherapy. In chronic respiratory tract infections, intrabronchial microbial flora changed in parallel with the clinical picture of the patients. Symptomatic fluctuation, aggravation, and therapy-resistance were reflected either by the persistence of gram negative rods or superinfection.
The foregoing results indicate that TTA as compared with examinations of sputa, washed sputa, and bronchoscopic washings is the most reliable method of studying intrabronchial microbial flora.

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The autopsy findings of two cases of radiation pneumonitis, in wich affected lungs contracted to fist size due to the marked fibrosis, were presented.
In case 1, fibrinoid necrosis was still observed even 1 year after the last irradiation. And in case 2, hematoxylin bodies and onion skin lesions were observed in the spleen, and lymphatic follicle-like structures in the thymus.
From the histological points of view, it may be concluded that radiation pneumonitis is presumbly allergic on its pathogenesis and pulmonary fibrosis is resulted from repeated antigen antibody reaction, in which degenerated lung tissue induced by X-ray irradiation acts as antigen.

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A case of pulmonary hamartoma which is considered as one of the rare disease is reported with review of literatures. This case is 59 year-old house wife, who was first pointed out abnormal shadow on chest roentgenogram in 1952. Because lack of symptoms, she had no treatment until February 1966, when she began to feel obstruction of the right lung in deep inspiration. She was hospitalized to our ward.
On admission, chest roentgenogram revealed clear solid density, almost circle and 5cm in diameter, at the upper part of right lung. On laminogram this was best seen at the 9cm from back. There were no calcified or translucent areas in this density. Roentgenogram taken in September 1962, showed the same density, 4.2cm in diameter. This density slowly enlarged in the past 3 years.
Right upper lobectomy was performed with the diagnosis of benign tumor. Tumor was found posterior segment of right upper lobe, this tumor enlarged towards the right middle lobe. Tumor was easily separated from the lung tissue. The size was measured, 4.8×4.8×5.0cm, the surface was not smooth, and dark red. The consistency was relatively soft and elastic. Cut surface irregularly mixed with dark red and thin reddish white areas. Histological examination revealed the structure resembled to the hemangioma, with increased vascular tissues covered by the flat endothelium and between them there were moderately increased connective tissue. The other part of the specimen, showed glandular structure of cubic epithelium with ciliary fiber, and structure of chondrial cells.
Reviewing the literatures of pulmonary hamartoma, this is usually found after middle ages, which is at the same time, considered as cancer-age. Most of the soliary circle densities on chest rentogenogram were cancer and tubeaculoma. It is fairly difficult to diagnosis as benign tumor only by chest X-ray film. Hamartoma itself may become malignant. These facts tell us, if solitary circle density is found on chest roentgenogram, it is wise to undergo openchest surgery in the early occasion.

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