It is very important to know how much the patient feels pain to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture or analgesic drugs. There are several methods to evaluate the pain intensity as follows.
A. Measurement of clinical pain
a. Categorical scale
This is a simple descriptive pain scale, grading pain as slight, moderate, severe and agonising.
b. Visual analogue scale (VAS)
Some of the problems of the categorical scale can be overcome by using VAS. VAS is a line of length, with one end labelled no pain and other end the most severe pain. The patient is asked to make a mark along this line signifying the level of pain he is feeling. This is more sensitive than the categorical scale but it necessitates painstaking explanation to the patient.
c. Matching method
Clinical pain is measured by matching the severity of experimental pain. Kast used a machine operated by the patient which applied pressure to the leg. As an experimental pain, tourniquet pain is also used for this purpose.
B. Application of experimental pain
a. An experimental pain is produced by mean of electrical stimulation, radiant heat or chilled water. Then two points on the intensity scale are fixed: the pain threshold and pain tolerance. The former contains much informations about pain sensation, but the latter is more sensitive to analgesic effects.
b. Somatosensory evoked response
It has been noted that somatosensory evoked responses have a good correlation with pain sensation as well as the intensity of stimulation. Though there are some controversies on which component of the somatosensory evoked response is the most useful, it is utilized for the measurement of pain.
c. Signal Detection Theory

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Introduction
We attempted to get an objective index of pain, giving electro-nocistimulus to the tooth and making a comparison between the stimulus rate and subjective pain. We examined variations of the response to stimulus under this low-frequency electric treatment.
Method
Treated were single healthy upper incisors of 14 medical doctors. Fixing a silver electrode of 4mm² on each tooth and an indifferent electrode on the buccal surface of the same side, stimulation was applied.
Effect
Three categories of pain, i. e. pre-pain, tolerable pain and intolerable pain were established for the purpose of this study. We made use of these categories as an objective index of pain. It was also evident that, under low frequency electric treatment to acupoints of acupuncture anesthesia, there were variations in intolerable pain. We examined variations of this pain.
Conclusion
It was concluded that there were two types of objects, i. e. the effective and the ineffective.
Intolerable level was affected by the low frequency electric treatment and pain was alleviated.

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Experimental gastric ulcer rat was prepared by submucosal injection of acetic acid (0.1ml) and the number of the low resistance point and the degree of sweating were measured at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after the operation. The stomach and the auricular skin at the low resistance point were fixed then examined histologically.
The low resistance points detected by the square pulse method were gradually increased with the development of gastric ulcer then decreased to the control level at 21 days after the operation. The degree of sweating of the auricular skin also increased accompanied with visceral disorder. The parallel change of the low resistance point and sweating was slightly diminished by the bilateral section of the superior cervical ganglion. No characteristic histological changes of the skin was observed in the low resistance point as far as we examined.
These results suggest that the increase of the low resistance points accompanied with the gastric ulcer is caused by the neural and humoral activation of the sweating gland.

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The study reported here was undertaken to elucidate the action mechanism of moxibustion from the point of view of the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activities.
Single stimulations at the right and left Chimen (KIMON) of male ddY strain 6 weeks old mice were made by using 15mg of moxa divided into 6 cones. Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activities were determined at 1, 3, 24, 48, 72 and 168 (7 days) hours after moxibustion.
The increase of maximal amplitude (ma) of thrombelastography (TEG) and the reduction of coagulation time were observed during 1 to 168 hours. The increase of ma and the reduction of reaction time (r) of TEG at 1 and 3 hours, and reduction of plasma recalcification time at 24 hours, partial thromboplastin time at 3 hours and prothrombin time at 72 hours were significant compared with the values of intact normal mice. But these values of TEG and coagulation time were all in the normal range.
On the other hand, the increase of eugloblin lysis time (ELT) were observed at 1 hour, but at 3 to 168 hours, ELT values were reduced. And these activated tendency of plasminogen activator persisted for a period of 7 days.
These results suggest that the single moxibustion stimulation to Chimen induce some effect on the activities of some plasma proteins which concern the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system.

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In the previous papers, we reported the effects of electronic moxibustion on immune response of experimental rats to the exogeneous antigens, human γ-globulin.
The results supported the theory, “non-specific heat aggregeted autologous tissue protein stimulation therapy” presented by Dr. Shimetaro Hara in 1933.
Therefore, in this paper we chose two kinds of antigens, one is the T-cell dependent antigen, dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), the other is the T-cell independent antigen dinitrophenylated Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) to analyse the mechanism of electronic moxibustion whether it enhances the immune response or not.
Using 9 weeks old femal SLC-Wistar rats, we administered the electronic moxibustion according to the method reported in the previous papers. Following daily moxibustion for 8 weeks, antigens were giver twice at intervals of one week together with Freund's complete adjuvant. And 4 days later from the last antigen stimulation direct, DNP plaque forming cells in the spleen were counted.
The results obviously showed daily electronic moxibustion for 8 weeks enhanced immune response against the T-cell dependent antigen (DNP-KLH) stimulated rats but no effect on the immune response to the T-cell independent antigen (DNP-Ficoll) stimulated rats.
The daily electronic moxibustion for 4 weeks to rats failed to show any effective results against both antigens stimulation.
The responses of spleen cells against mitogenic lectins, PHA, Con A and PWM were analysed 3 days after the incubation with lectins by tritiated thymidine up takes into cells. The results also showed the animal group received the electronic moxibustion for 8 weeks manifested higher response against the one of T-cell mitogens, Con A compared with either the group received the electronic moxibustion for 4 weeks or the control group, not received any treatment.
These results suggested that the immune activation mechanism exhibited by the electronic moxibustion is via the activation of T-cell function and the electronic moxibustion does not act on B cell nor antibody forming cells.
The direct effects on the animal skin by the electronic moxibustion were shown exactly the same physical characteristics as the conventional moxibustion method as reported in the previous papers. Therefore, we could expect the similar T-cell activation effect on the immune response by the conventional moxibustion.
But from our results to get such a T-cell activation by the electronic moxibustion, it has been necessary to administrate the electronic moxibustion daily at least for more than 4 weeks.
Next we would like to make clear what kinds of subpopulation in the T-cell populations are activated by the electronic moxibustion.
Before the clinical administration of the electronic moxibustion as one of immune activators, it is necessary to investigate further about the optimal amounts of the moxibustion, effects of the moxibustion on the cellular immunity or tumor immunity.

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Introduction:
The mechanism of moxa-needle therapy is unknown to us in spite of its significant effect. We observed variations in the temperature of the moxa-needle and that of the microwave-applied needle.
Method:
Chinese needles of the said two types were inserted into meat specimens (3×3×2cm) nd a house rabbit to the depth of 1.0cm and 1.5cm, respectively, and temperature was taken by a thermister around the needles at the depth of 15, 10, 5, and 1.0mm, respectively.
Effect:
1. In the moxa-needle, the temperature went up mainly at the top surface of the specimen or the surface of rabbit skin.
2. In the microwave-applied needle, from the beginning the temperature increased and as it plateaued, the heat was transmitted to the needle tip.
3. Typical temperature curve of the rabbit was found rather flat as compared with the same of meat specimen.
Conclusion:
1. In the moxa-needle, a rise in the temperature was limited under the subcutaneous area, it was not transmitted to the acupoint.
2. In the microwave-applied needle, it elevated the temperature around the needel; therefore, we believe that it stimulated the acupoint greatly.
3. In the light of the foregoing observations, it may be concluded that the microwave-assisted acupuncture would be significantly useful.

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Introduction
We tried to prove the effectiveness of acupuncture against unidentified syndrome.
Method
Subjects were women complaining of unidentified syndrome and divided into the control group and test group. Galenicals extact was given to all of them and acupuncture was administered to the test group. The examination was a sequential medical trial in a restricted design (2α=0.05, 1-β=0.95, θ₁=0.90 and N=19). Acupuncture was applied twice a week for two weeks. We evaluated their subjective symptoms, difficulties in daily life and so on with MPI-test and MV-test.
Conclusion
Among the two groups, patients were randomly paired off into ten couples. Thus, a subjective comparison was possible. Global improvement rating by patients was effective for the symptoms of 60% of the test group, and 10% of the control group (p<0.05). As to the difficulties in daily life, it was effective for 70% of the test group, whereas only 20% of the control group. About subjective symptoms, there was a significant difference in the stiffness in shoulder (p<0.10). On MV-test, the test group of five pairs showed an increase in theta waves (p<0.05) and a decrease in beta waves (p<0.10).

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Introduction
In elderly patients, chronic subdural hematoma is often associated with such complications as cardiac disease, asthma and bronchiectasis. Acupuncture anesthesia was given to a group of such patients instead of endotracheal anesthesia.
Method
Anesthesia was applied to acupoints of chinese acupuncture anesthesia from ante to just post operation. Patients were four men and one woman ranging from 64 to 73 years old who had not only fundamental disorders such as right bundle-branch block, atrial fibrillation, myocardiopathy, asthma and bronchiectasis, but also had comparatively disturbed levels of consciousness. One of them was incompatible with endotracheal anesthesia. Another patient received acupuncture anesthesia together with an injection of diazepan (10mg) and pentazocine (30mg).
Conclusion
The postoperative course in these five cases was uneventful and all of them left the hospital unassisted.

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Every disorder makes an appearance on the command points in the extremities. Taking three command points, we examined variations of electric resistivity in vertigo.
The termal point showed low level in general, whereas the connecting was high, especially in the lower extremities. Post treatment it had a tendency to get the mean.
About the laterality we were able to improve their instability, but were not able to establish whether it was effective or not.
Vertigo made an appearance on various meridians and points.

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Introduction
Essential hypertension is one of the leading causes of hypertension; responsible for more than 90% of such cases. Diet cure or drug treatment are usually prescribed for this disease. We drew notice to the antihypertensive effects of acupuncture.
Method
Subjects were healthy persons as well as patients complainig of simple essential hypertension. According to the WHO method, they were divided into three groups, e. g. normal, limitaneus, hypertensive. In situ needles were inserted in the antihypertensive points of both auricular sides for one week.
Effect
This treatment gave immediate results in 70% of the limitaneus and hypertensive groups. There was no observable effect for the balance. A number of these subjects were obese; a factor to be considered.
Evaluation
This method is very uncomplex and takes but minimal amount of time to treat patients.

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“Meridian Pulse Diagnosis” is equivalent to the “Pulse Diagnosis at Six Parts on the wrists” and “the Five Elements Theory” in traditional and symptomatic treatment is reported showing three cases.
Case I, Asthma: Acupuncture on Keikyo (1-8) was ineffective. Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Kansho (10-1) and Konron (7-60) was effective.
Case 2. Scapulohumeral periarthritis: Acupuncture on Tenyo (6-17) and Shokai (6-8) was effective in relieving the pain temporarily. By adding the treatment on Shakutaku (1-5), Jinyu (7-23) and Fukuryu (8-7), the symptoms were removed.
Case 3. Insomnia: Excessive energy was recognized in Heart Meridian. Sedation was given to Heart Meridian and proved to be ineffective, whereas tonification on Lung and Kidney meridians gave good results.
I will give my opinion on the clinical utility of “Meridian Pulse Diagnosis” and the selection of Five Elemental Points, mentioning the above three cases.

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Introduction
Using a low frequency current radiation together with acupuncture, we observed the effect of acupuncture.
Method
To the same patients, we administered it ante, in and post acupuncture for the purpose of detecting and comparing their pleasant sensation among these three methods.
Effect
Many patients felt it better ante and post acupuncture. It was better ante acupuncture to those patients receiving acupuncture for the first time. The experienced, on the contrary, acknowledged that they felt it better post acupuncture.

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Introduction
Many taxi drivers always complain of fatigue. We examined the process of their weekly recovery from fatigue under acupuncture.
Method.
Fifty taxi drivers were divided into two groups. The A-group had posttraumatic neck syndrome and the B-group had no identifiable problems. Acupuncture was given to both groups for two weeks. Subsequently, a questionaire containing 116 matters points of discussion was given to them to complete.
Effect
From the beginning, the A-group always showed highly subjective symptoms. It was higher than the B-group. Two weeks later, their subjective symptoms were cut by half in both the groups.
Conclusion
It was clarified that acupuncture was very effective against fatigue.

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