Building Information Modeling（BIM）is a framework for sharing information throughout the lifecycle of buildings and structures among all stakeholders to enable rapid decision making and consensus building. It enables the exchange and delivery of geological/geotechnical risk information. On the other hand, the IFC 4.3 data exchange standard for BIM, developed by buildingSMART International（bSI）and now an ISO standard, can only handle geotechnical models of stratified soils. A bSI project team, including the authors, has developed IFC 4.4, which covers soft/hard rock and can also handle the model base data, geological models, and the voxel model for visualizing uncertainties. However, some issues need to be addressed in the actual application, such as the implementation of a framework for updating geological and geotechnical models in line with the Level of Development（LOD）of the building models and making a standard dictionary for a common understanding of semantics, which are to be resolved through collaboration between all parties involved.

The Setagaya formation, a Pleistocene soft cohesive soil, is distributed within a buried valley under the Musashino Upland in southwestern Tokyo. Since the sediments are not observable from the surface, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the Setagaya Formation can only be inferred from a large number of borehole data. In this study, the Setagaya Formation, which corresponds to the lower Tokyo Formation, is the target, and the distribution area of the Setagaya Formation is studied using borehole data. In addition, the post-formation history of the Setagaya Formation is discussed based on the three-dimensional spatial distribution and physical properties of the Setagaya Formation acquired from the results of consolidation tests using core samples. The results are summarized as follows: 1）The elevation of the bottom surface of the Musashino Gravel Layer overlying the Setagaya Layer indicates undulations 2）Based on the results of consolidation tests, it is considered that the Setagaya Formation under the Shimosueyoshi terrace is overconsolidated without cementation, on the other hand, the Setagaya Formation under the Musashino terrace is overconsolidated with cementation and overburden removal.

Geological Survey of Japan （GSJ） has been working on creating three-dimensional （3D） geological maps, called Urban Geological Maps, that show detailed distribution of strata up to tens of meters in depth in urban areas using huge number of borehole data obtained from drilling surveys for public construction works and for stratigraphic studies. In this mapping project, a surface-based 3D geological model has been constructed through three processes： the creation of elevation data of geological boundary at locations of borehole data, the estimation of the shapes of the geological boundary surfaces using elevation data, and the combination of the geological boundary surfaces considering stratigraphic information. In addition, a web browsing system for geological data has also been developed, which enables to visualize the surface-based model in 3D, to create cross-sectional image of the model, and to display contour maps of the geological boundary surfaces on the Web. The surface-based geological model is expected to help a better understanding of shallow subsurface geological conditions due to its high visibility. In addition, due to its reproductivity and applicability, the model is also expected to be utilized in digital transformation in urban development, such as the construction of digital twin of a city. The upcoming challenges for facilitating the use of 3D geological maps are to develop the geotechnical data such as physical properties within strata, to enhance the renewability of the 3D data, to provide the distribution information of quality of the 3D data, and to make the developed geological data available in standard file formats and via Web APIs.