The purpose of this paper was to clarify future research subjects of “Paralympic Education” through examining research trends on “Paralympic Education” in journal articles published in English literature. As a result of analyzing 5 papers extracted through prescribed procedures from the analysis viewpoint of purpose, method and result (discussion), the following conclusions were drawn.

As a research target of “Paralympic Education”, it was shown that it is necessary to examine not only the students who took the program but also the teachers who practiced it, for various para-education programs. As a method of “Paralympic Education”, it was shown that it was necessary to examine the changes in attitude toward persons with disabilities by using questionnaires such as CAIPE-R and AC. In addition, it was necessary to analyze not only changes before and after practice, but also based on sex and teaching experience, as well as contact experience with persons with disabilities and experience of taking “Paralympic Education”.

From now on, by tackling these issues, improvement of research on “Paralympic Education” will be required.

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to evaluate subjective easiness in instructing the pullover exercise. We have questionnaires corresponding visual instructions, verbal instructions and assist methods. We include “easiness” subjectively felt by the examinees as the possible answers.

This survey was conducted from October to December of 2017. The number of subjects is 705, 321 males and 384 females. In our exploratory factor analysis, the principal factor method and promax rotation was employed. We conducted research on the difference in the degree of skill acquisition in the pullover exercise by sex. The answer options given are “constantly possible”, “possible but unstable”, “possible in the past,” “impossible.” In data analysis, we employed a two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc tests, with α set at p<.05.

The results are as follows: (1) Factor analysis indicated four factor structure scales; Subjective easiness felt in instructions using onomatopoeis, in methods using verbal instructions, in instruction making use of visual instructions, and in using of support. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the subscales were 0.661–0.885. Each of the subscales indicated satisfactory. (2) We detected the difference of subscale score in the degree of skill acquisition in the pullover exercise in the methods using onomatopoeis and those using visual instructions. When the average score of subscales are concerned, group a, constantly possible, group b, instable, and group c, able in the past, showed significantly higher score than group d, not possible. As of subjective easiness in instruction making use of visual instructions, “constantly possible” scored higher than “instable,” and “able in the past” than “not possible.” (3) We recognize difference by sex in the subscale score in subjective easiness in instruction using verbal instructions and in using support. In terms of the verbal instructions, males shows higher points than females and in using support, females than males.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rhythmic running on the running movement in elementary school students. The subjects in this study were 3rd grade elementary students and they practiced with pair of rings instead of hurdles in physical education classes. The running movement in 10 students who are the top 10 of 21students in order of improving the record in the 50 m dash after 8 times classes (pre 10.4±0.3 s post 10.0±0.2 s; p<0.01) were analyzed kinematically.

The main results comparing pre class and post class were as follow: ①the records in the 50 m dash of students improved significantly, although the velocity of the center of the gravity (COG) didn’t improve in the analysis period. ②The left knee of swing leg was more bent and the left thigh of swing leg was higher in the stance phase after the classes. These changes were similar to the characteristics found in elementary school students who show high sprint performance. ③The touchdown distance of the stance leg was closer to under their COG and the knee of the stance leg was less bent in the stance phase after the classes. These changes implied that factors of speed deceleration had become less.

Thus, there is a possibility that the rhythmic running of this study had a positive effect on the running movement in the 3rd grade elementary school students.