In dieser Abhandlung mochte ich versuchen zu erklaren, welche Bedeutung Eiselens "Turntafeln"(Berlin, 1837)fur die Modernisierung des Turnunterrichts haben. Die Untersuchungen von K.Widt(1935), H.Groll(1970)usw. haben schon darauf hingewiesen, dass dieses Werk vom Inhalt her gesehen wie folgt charakterisiert werden kann:・Die Einteilung des vielfaltigen Ubungsstoffs fur das Turnen in vier Schwierigkeitsstufen, ・Die Anordnung der Ubungen je nach Schwierigkeit innerhalb der einzelnen Stufen. Aber wenn man diese Inhalte ausfuhrlicher betrachtet, wird folgender Punkt deutlich:Es gibt zwei Einteilungsweisen der Schwierigkeitsgrad nach folgenden Massstaben:1)nach der Schwierigkeit der Ubung an sich, 2)nach dem jeweils festgesetzten Leistungsmass der Ubungsausfuhrung. Die Ubungsdisziplinen, deren Ubungen nach dem Massstab 1)in vier Schwierigkeitsstufen eingeteilt werden, sind Reck, Barren, Schwingen(d.h.Pferdubungen)und Rundlaufubungen. Die Ubungsdisziplinen, deren vier Schwierigkeitsstufen in den Ubungen nach dem Massstab 2)eingeteilt werden, sind Frei-, Stab-, Bock-springen, Laufen und Klettern. Wenn man diese zwei Einteilungsweisen weiter naher betrachtet, werden folgende Punkte deutlich:a>In der Einteilungsweise nach dem Massstab 1)werden die Ubungen, die jeweils eine charakteristische Bewegungsstruktur haben, nach der technischen Schwierigkeit der Ubung in die Schwierigkeitsstufen 1-4 eingeteilt. Das heisst, diese Einteilungsweise kann als Klassifizierung der Turnubungen betrachtet werden. b>In der Einteilungsweise nach dem Massstab 2)wird das Resultat der Ubungsausfuhrung nach dem Leistungsmass, das mit dem technischen Fertigkeitsgrad des Turners eng verbunden ist, in die Schwierigkeitsstufen 2-5 gegliedert. Das heisst, diese Einteilungsweise kann als Quantifizierung der Turnubungen betrachtet werden. Aus dieser Betrachtung kann man als charakteristischen Inhalt von Eiselens "Turntafeln" auf folgende drei Punkte weisen:(1)die formale Ausgestaltung des Turnstoffes nach der Klaassifizierung der Ubungen, (2)eine stufenweise aufgebaute Lehrmethode auf grund der Ubungsausgestaltung(1), (3)die Bewertung der Ubungsausfuhrung nach der Quantifizierung der Turnubungen. Aus diesen Grunden kann man die "Turntafeln" Eiselens als einen der bedeutendsten Vorlaufer modernes Methoden bewerten, die eine Turnmathodik gezeigt haben, die mit dem neuerlichen, quantitativen Rationalismus im Zusammenhang stehen.

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The Vanderbilt Cup Race held from 1904 to 1910 was the first full-scale auto race in America. The race was received with enthusiasm by the general public, and drew a lot of spectators. But in 1910 the race was finished. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual conditions of the race and the reason for calling off the cup. Most of the sport historians have ignored the history of auto races. They have regarded it as a sub-sport. But it is one of the very important sports, when we understand the various conditions of the present sports, especially spectator ones. The Vanderbilt Cup Race was held as the road race on Long Island. It was the first large-scale international race in America and had a geoglaphical advantage, so the first race in 1904 had 25, 000 spectators, there after the number of spectators increased year by year and at the race in 1910 it amounted to 285, 000. Inspite of the conditions, the cup was called off in 1910. The reason was as follows;the first, the crowds were too large to be controled and the promoters could not keep the safety of the contestants and the spectators. Keeping the safety was necessary so that it was recognized as a sport. The second, the race was so popular that W.Vanderbilt, the promoter of the race, spoiled his interest in it. He expected the race to be a social gathering, but it lost the respectable character and got to be out of keeping with his intention. And so he decided to call off the cup. The rising of popularity of the Vanderbilt Cup Race and calling off the cup reflected the change of the American automobile industry in 1900's. Automobiles came to be popular among the public, and to be no longer only for the wealthy class. The rise and stop of the race symbolized the acception of automobiles to the American society and the role of the wealthy class in the transition period.

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This study attempts to clarify the historical meaning of 'stalking' which is one of the method of hunting, in consideration of the problem of 'manliness' in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Stalking was a kind of shooting for getting deer or other big games adopted by the metropolitans, especially High-landers in Scotland, and colonial hunters in India, Africa and so on. J.M.MacKenzie said "Hunting required all the most virile attributes of the imperial male." in the era. But he characterized the many variety of hunting as all-inclusive 'hunting ethos'. Though "the most virile attributes of the imperial male" from 'the hunting ethos' which he pointed out included the elements of the 'manliness' which athleticism didn't have, he didn't relate them with athleticism. The main featute of the stalking was given below. 1)The hunter attempted by stealth to approach to a range at which a shot had a good chance of producing an instantaneous kill. 2)Horsemanship was not so important. 3)Basically the hunter stalks the game by himself, (therefore sociability wasn't so important). 4)A stalker needed much carefulness or caution for fear of being suspected by his game. 5)Some kinds of special knowledge like natural history, meteorology and ballistics, were essential to it. These points were very different from fox hunting and the pig sticking which was admired by Baden-Powell. Though he admired both stalking andpig sticking, stalking seems to be very much concerned with the ability of 'scouting' which Baden-Powell prompted. 'Stalky' deriverd from 'good at stalking', a slang of students in the era, meant clever and cunning. It was a subject of R.Kipling's school story Stalky and Co. (1899). The most important point of the ethos of 'stalky' was its usefulness for the colonial campaigns, which was to criticize the ethos of athletisism. So 'stalky' had the connection with 'stalking' in the meaning of utility for the colonial campaigns. What has been related up to the above should be put in the historical context of the era from Boar War to World War I. The ethos of 'stalking' was pregnant with the 'manliness' in the twentieth century which was different from the ideal of 'gentleman amateur' or general education.

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