The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristic of quick Hiza-nuki J (knee relaxing jump) in detail on the movement time, comparing the jump duration of Hiza-nuki J with that of a counter movement jump (CMJ). In addition, it examined the maximum vertical ground force per weight and the relationships with the extension muscular strength of three lower limb joints at every movement phase of the jump. Results are summarized as follows: 1. The jump duration of two jumps of CMJ and Hiza-nuki J did not have the significant difference, but had a correlation (r ＝ 0.844, p ＜ 0.05 s), 2. As for the maximum vertical ground force per weight of CMJ and Hiza-nuki J, Hiza-nuki J was significantly larger (p ＜ 0.05). Further, both had a meaningful correlation (r ＝ 0.611, p ＜ 0.05), 3. Between the maximum vertical ground force per weight and jump duration of CMJ and also between those of Hiza-nuki J, there was no meaningful correlation. 4. There was no correlation between time at every movement phase of Hiza-nuki J and jump duration, 5. In movement times of CMJ and Hiza-nuki Jump from the beginning to leaving floor, and time of PPT and PPTB, there was a meaningful correlation for relationships with the maximum vertical ground force per weight, 6. For between jump duration and the lower limb extension muscular strength of CMJ, there was a meaningful correlation between muscular strength of the knee joint extension of 300 degrees/second (r ＝ 0.632, p ＜ 0.05) and the foot joint extension of 60 degrees/second (r ＝ 0.634, p ＜ 0.05). Also, there was a meaningful correlation between jump duration and knee joint extension of 300 degrees/second in Hiza-nuki J (r ＝ 0.654, p ＜ 0.05), and 7. In the relationships of time in the movement phase of CMJ and Hiza-nuki J and lower limb extension muscular strength, there was a meaningful correlation only between PT of Hiza-nuki J and muscular strength of the foot joint extension 60 degrees/second (r ＝ 0.619, p ＜ 0.05). Hiza-nuki J was the jump method that secured the jumping height at the same level as CMJ by the movement time when Hiza-nuki J was quick, and possible usability was suggested to be more effective than by ball game sports.

The purpose of this study was clarify characteristic of “T-style shooting” (TS) applied to the long shot of basketball through a movement analysis. Comparing with the ordinal style (OS) of it, the investigation revealed the following regarding TS : (1) The success rate at the 9.25m point was higher, but not different at 8.25m. (2) The movement time was significantly shorter (p＜0.05). (3) The average values of the projecting angle and the initial velocity of the ball were higher (p＜0.05). (4) The shift of the body's center of gravity (BCG) during catching and releasing the ball was larger (p＜0.05). (5) The speed of shifting BCG for the vertical direction when the ball was released was faster (p＜0.05). (6) The time between the movements the ball was released and BCG reached the highest position was longer (p＜0.05). That is, it was observed that in TS the ball was released at a moment while BCG was moving up fast before reaching the top. Other features observed in TS were (7) a reaction movement to move the ball front to backward was observed immediately before setting, (8) the EMG during TS was different from OS. Conclusively, it is clear that TS is a shooting technique to efficiently use reaction movement of the four limbs and the characteristic of muscle power output.

The purpose of this study was 1) to develop a cognitive aptitude test for group subjects (CATG), 2) to examine the relationship between CATG and the motor skill test of basketball, and 3) to investigate the effects of cognitive skill training with feedback videos on basketball skills, thus exploring the applicability of the Self-Modeling Theory to motor skill development in a physical education setting. In September 2007, 148 university students (male=83, female=65, mean age=19.93, SD=1.16) were asked to take CATG for item-total correlation analyses. Group 1, 43 of the subjects (male=18, female=25, mean age=19.72, SD=1.32), besides CATG, took the experimental cognitive tests (spatial cognitive test, short-term memory test, and route conjecture test) that was based on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III). Group 2 of 78 (male=38, female=40, mean age=19.96, SD=1.21) participated in basketball classes for one semester (15 lessons), of which CATG was included in the first lesson. The subjects of the two groups above were not mutually exclusive. Those in Group 2 practiced basic basketball skills in class with occasional feedbacks (the video-taped recordings of their performance), and took the basic basketball skill test (free slow, lay-up shot right side & left side, dribble run) on the second lesson (Pre test) and the last lesson (Post test). The results of item-total correlation analyses showed that each subscale of CATG was significantly correlated with the total score of CATG, confirming the reliabilities of CATG. The validity analyses revealed that the scores of CATG were significantly correlated with the score of WAIS-R and WISC-III, confirming the criterion-related validities of CATG. The results of multiple regression analyses showed that the scores of route conjecture test was positively associated with the skills of lay-up shot from right side and negatively associated with the time of dribble run, indicating high cognitive skills contribute to high performance when cognitive feedbacks were provided. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that, between the pre-test and the post-test, the top 25% group of CATG significantly more advanced in their free throw skill than the bottom 25% while the both groups demonstrated significant progress in their lay-up shot from left side. Thus, CATG that was developed for this study were confirmed as an efficient tool to assess the cognitive aptitude of group of students. Also the results above imply that the feedback video intervention based on the Self-Modeling Theory can be useful in helping university students to advance their basic motor skills required for basketball.

Many Japanese enjoy golf as a life-long sports today. This study was performed to obtain information concerning the state of manner code violations at golf course. The subjects were golf course managers. A questionnaire was mailed to 779 golf course in European countries, 1108 golf course in Oceania countries, 2285 golf course in North America. The investigation period was from August 1,2006 to October 30, 2008. They mentioned a total of 305 cases of manner code violations, the most commonest was “slow play”. In this study, the data were obtained from golf course managers, and further evaluation based on opinion of clients and caddies is also necessary. In the future try making the data base of golf manners in Japan.

This study was intended to improve the basic materials in terms of physical education in the kingdom of Cambodia. Target areas were eight-areas : Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kompong Cham, Sihanouk Ville, Kompon Chhnang, Svay Rieng, Kratie and Rattanak Kiri. The examinees were the children from six- to fifteen-years-old of the schools where the investigation took place (n=2,965 girls and 2,990 boys). The research was carried out with regard to height, weight, sit-ups, sitting-trunk-flexion, side-steps, fifty-meter-run and standing-long-jump. Simultaneously, a research was made in terms of physique and physical fitness of the Cambodia children in comparison with the Japanese children in the same generation. Their results were : (1) For both boys and girls, Japanese children marked significantly better average in height and weight than Cambodia counterparts in all ages. (2) With regard to girls, Japanese children made particularly higher score in terms of sitting-trunk-flexion, side-steps and fifty-meter-run than Cambodia counterparts in all ages. From seven- to fifteen-years-old, they made clearly higher score in sit-ups. Among from six- to eight-years-old, and from eleven- to fourteen-years-old, they jumped evidently higher in standing-long-jump. Cambodia children made clearly higher score in terms of sit-ups than Japanese children in six-years-old. For boys, Japanese children made obviously higher score in side-steps and fifty-meter-run than Cambodia counterparts in all ages. From six- to eight-years-old, and from ten- to fifteen-years-old, they obtained better score in sit-ups. Among from six- to ten-years-old, and from twelve- to fifteen-years-old, they obtained significantly better scores in sitting-trunk-flexion and standing-log-jump.