The purposes of this study are to develop Positive Coping Scale for University Students (PCSUS) and to examine the relationship between sports participation and positive coping of university students. The participants of 616 university students (male=259, female=352, Non response=5; mean age=19.30, SD=1.17) were asked to answer a questionnaire that is composed of socio-demographic questions including the belonging to sports clubs, 35 items to measure positive coping, the FIT Index and the Exercise Participation Assessment Scale for University Students (EPASUS). Exploratory factor analyses, reliability analyses and covariance structural analysis were conducted to develop the PCSUS. Also, t-tests and correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between sports participation and PCSUS. The result of exploratory factor analyses identified a six-factor model with 24 items on PCSUS. Reliability analyses and covariance structural analysis confirmed that each Cronbach’s alpha was high value and the scale had satisfactory fit indices of structural validities. The results of t-tests showed that mean scores of some subscales from PCSUS were significantly different between sport club participants and non-participants as well as participants with higher level and lower level of physical activities. In addition, the results of correlation analyses using subscales of EPASUS and PCSUS showed that subscales of EPASUS were significantly positively correlated to subscales of PCSUS. The results indicate that sports participation may enhance positive coping.

This study focuses on the policy process of building Comprehensive Community Sports Clubs (CCSC) in municipalities and attempts to clarify the factors which promoted and prevented the policy adoption by applying a dynamic interdependent model. This model is a theory to clarify the process through which municipalities adopt a new policy and is made up of three factors, “measure inner conditions” , “mutual reference” , and “bandwagon competition” . If the national government intervenes, only bandwagon competition operates, and the other factors are not involved. This study considers the decisions involved with the basic sports promotion plan of 2000 through the intervention by the national government. Since there was national government intervention, only bandwagon competition among municipalities over building CCSC should have occurred with respect to the basic sports promotion plan of 2000. However, our results showed that bandwagon competition among municipalities did not necessarily occur even if the national government intervened. The inner conditions of each municipality, particularly human resources, greatly affected the policy adoption. For example, a municipality which had plenty of human resources adopted the policy early; meanwhile, a municipality which did not have enough human resources hesitated to adopt the policy

In the Japanese martial art Kendo, there is a “dan” grade system that requires examinees to show so called “Nihon Kendo Gata” to obtain a “dan.” The examination for the grade promotion evaluates the mental attitude as well as the movements of those examinees. Although previous studies attempted to quantify the grade by using objective criterions such as EEG and EMG, it is still unclear how these parameters would synergistically represent the actual movement of Kendo. The present study aims to clarify, based on the EEG/EMG, the functional characteristics underlying the grades and to classify them while the examinees are performing the form of “Nihon Kendo Gata.” An expert with seventh-dan and five skillful with third-dan were compared. A portable EEG/EMG system was applied to record the signals simultaneously. The EMG electrodes were placed on the participants’ upper limb, whereas two EEG electrodes were placed on their head by referring to the international 10-20 method. The averaged values of those signals obtained from each participant were fed into an ANOVA and the values were compared by the Tukey’s method. The dendrogram was generated to classify the participants. Our results showed that the magnitudes of the EEG-EMG coherence in the alpha and gamma range for the expert were higher compared to the controls. The results also revealed that expert and skillful were successfully classified by different features of the EEG-EMG coherence, implying that the coherence could be a possible measure for quantifying the dan-grades.

While many studies on elderly people have analyzed the reduction in walking ability with increasing age, most of them were performed in the elderly population as a whole; few studies have assessed the gait of elderly people with exercise habits. This study aimed to analyze gait in elderly people with exercise habits and thereby elucidate its characteristics. This study was performed in healthy young people and healthy elderly people who exercised once in a week. The subjects were instructed to walk on a path with a normal gait over 5 trials such that one foot passes each of the 2 force plates at least once during an analysis; these analyses were performed using a VICON system. In elderly people with exercise habits, the hip-flexion moment in the pre-swing phase was high and the hip-flexion angle from the initial swing phase to the terminal swing phase after the pre-swing phase was also high. Therefore, in comparison with younger people, these individuals show greater utilization of their hip and hamstring to elevate the lower extremity during outward motion of the extremity of the swing side. In elderly people with exercise habits, the RMS values for several muscles during a gait cycle were significantly higher than the corresponding values in young people. Our results suggest that due to the habituation associated with training, the gait in elderly people with exercise habits is consciously modified to achieve motional effects as high as that achieved during walking training.

As students’ maladjustment has become one of the eminent issues, Japanese universities are in need of special curricula for freshman students. This study aimed to examine the effects of an experimental learning program designed to promote interpersonal communication and team building in university physical education. The subjects were 16 university students (2 male and 14 female) who took the selective course "Team Sports" from April to June of 2016. The experimental learning program in the course was designed to help students 1) build relationships with others, 2) review that experience, 3) appreciate various perspectives in sharing their reviews with others and 4) cultivate new awareness. The subjects were asked to describe how they felt about the lessons freely on a reflection sheet. The contents of the reflection sheets were divided into seven categories ("Emotion," "Action," "Recognition," "Discovery," "Introspection," "Expectation" and "Assumption"), then classified as either "Group" or "Individual" and as either "Positive" or "Negative," so that there were 28 categories in total. After a tabulation of vocabulary from the reflection sheets of the first lesson (pre-test) and the last lesson (post-test), the contents in each category were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The number of "Positive" descriptions significantly increased from the pre-test to the post-test in "Recognition" and "Discovery" under the sub-group "Individual" and "Recognition" under the sub-group "Group." The number of "Negative" descriptions significantly increased from the pre-test to the post-test in "Emotion," "action," "Recognition" and "Discovery" under the sub-group "Individual" and "Action" under the sub-group "Group." The results indicated that students noticed the changes in their psychological states in the experimental learning program. Some of the changes found in the students are consistent with the reports of a previous study that lessons with group problem-solving help students gain more insight into themselves and others (Shimizu et. al, 2012). However, the students also displayed a growing anxiety and confusion in the program when they encountered inner-group conflicts caused by differences in opinions or failure at tasks. This may be because they were still in the process of building relationships at the end of the program. Further research is needed to develop effective programs to promote students’ university adaptation.

I inspected a junior high school, a high school of Moscow on February 29th, March 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 2016. I report the real situation of the PE class there. And I discover a difference with the general school PE Japan. I recognize the good point of the PE class of Russia from that using it, I want to show improvement plan of the class of Japan. Finally, given the contents of the interviews to name a few PE teachers of the Moscow public schools.

Occurrence of the trauma caused by accidents during physical activities is unavoidable. It can not be leadership of effective PE are afraid of trauma. Certainly the accident there is unfortunately. However, it is an inevitable phenomenon. However, sufficient relief must be made to the victims during the accident. PE is on the curriculum of the school, it is an important subject. As long as the physical education department is one that asks the student an active and vigorous activity, the occurrence of an accident is inevitable. What is needed is to develop expand the relief legislation with respect to the accident.

In this paper, we review the 1977 ruling of the Yamagata District Court, we will consider the point above.