After 2002, the school in our country physical education introduced a new field called the "Karada Hogushi exercise". This is the principle of non-skill. This exercise for mind and body of the oneself and others, "notice" "adjustment" "interchange" on a main theme. This introduction brought a mood to question educational significance of "the exercise experience by the body". The main ground of this report is "action-intuition" by philosopher Kitaro Nishida. The visual grasp in the exercise scene and coping to it become feasible that “watch a thing by a moving body”.

In “Karada Hogushi”, it is thought that experience to “watch a thing by a moving body” that Nishida says has a great meaning educationally. In brief, in a physical exercise scene, the person of exercise has an experience of coping while watching the situation that own moving body faces. In "the exercise experience by the body", it has a simultaneous and integral relation to look and to move. In other words, a moving body plays a role that to look. In addition, "the ideal element" which Nishida says that there is it in the root of the intuition, it can be understood as property of the senses in the physical exercise scene. In making concept constitution of "action-intuition" by Nishida, the learner will understands what kind of move my body makes.

The purpose of this study was to compare physique and physical fitness of Cambodian-children with Japanese same generation, which is to find a characteristic of their growth and development. Target areas were eight-areas : Battambang, Kompong Chhnang, Kampong Cham, Kratie, Phnom Penh, Rattanak Kiri Sihanouk Ville, and Svay Rieng. The examinees were children from 7-years-old to 12- of the schools where the investigation took place (n=2,520 girls and 2,543 boys). The research was carried out with regard to height, weight, sit-up, sitting-trunk-flexion, side-step, 5minutes-run, 50m-run and standing-long-jump. In this study, we analyzed only the standing-long-jump among the physical fitness items. Japanese student's data were quoted from the reports of The Japanese Ministry of Education & Science. The results of this study were as follows : For both boys and girls, Cambodian-children were the value that was below Japanese- in height, weight and standing-long-jump. However, Cambodian-children were similar to Japanese- in terms of the efficiency of their power output in the long jump. This report is a part of the JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) partnership program with NPO Hearts of Gold (Japan and Cambodia).

The purpose of this study was to develop Effective Cognition Scale for University Physical Education Classes (ECSUPEC) and Stress Response Scale for University Physical Education Classes (SRSUPEC) and to examine the relationship between effective cognition variables of ECSUPEC and stress response variables of SRSUPEC. The subjects of 336 university students (male=172, female=164 ; mean age=19.63, SD=1.18) were asked to answer a questionnaire that was composed of socio-demographic questions, 30 effective cognition question items and 32 stress response question items, both of which were acquired from our preliminary survey in April, 2010. Exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analyses were conducted to develop the ECSUPEC and SRSUPEC. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the correlation between ECSUPEC and SRSUPEC. The results of exploratory factor analyses identified a five-factor model with 20 items (“Diet Effect,” “Promotion for Interpersonal Relationship,” “Improvement of Feelings,” “Lifestyle Improvement,” and “Improvement of Exercise Ability”) on ECSUPEC and a four-factor model with 16 items (“Emotional Stress Response,” “Psychological Stress Response,” “Behavioral Stress Response,” and “Physical Stress Response”) on SRSUPEC. Confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analyses confirmed that both of the scales had satisfactory fit indices of structural validities and Cronbach's alpha coefficient reliabilities respectively. The results of multiple regression analyses that were set ECSUPEC as independent variables and SRSUPEC as dependent variables showed that the sub-scales of ECSUPEC (“Promotion for Interpersonal Relationship,” “Improvement of Feelings,” and “Improvement of Exercise Ability”) were significantly associated with the sub-scales of SRSUPEC. The results indicated that the students with higher effective cognition for physical education had lower stress response in physical education classes. Further research will be needed to examine the process of the effect of stress management on stress response in university physical education settings.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference between running with spike shoes and running shoes. Fifteen male middle and long distance runners were recruited for the present study. Subjects ran a distance of 60m under the two kinds of conditions : (1) wearing spike shoes ; and (2) wearing running shoes. Their sprinting time was measured using a Magnetometric sensor. Flight time, contact time, step frequency, step length and running velocity from 30m to 50m were obtained using an optical measurement system. This study uncovered three key discoveries. First, recorded 60m times and contact time were significantly lower when wearing spike shoes compared to when wearing running shoes. Also, flight time, step length and running velocity were significantly higher when wearing spike shoes compared to when wearing running shoes. Second, there was a significant negative correlation between step frequency and the 60m time recorded, while there was a significant positive correlation between step frequency and running velocity when running shoes were used. Third, there was a significant negative correlation between step frequency and flight time when the spike shoes were used. These results of this study indicate that the increase in running speed may be due to the influence of step frequency and increase in step length when running shoes are used. Meanwhile, when spike shoes are used, step length influences running speed more than step frequency, making it is necessary to consider the balance of step frequency and step length so as to restrict flight time.

This study was intended to clarify the timing of the arm swing and the take-off of back handspring from the standing position. Results obtained in this study are as follows. As a result of the analyses of the reproducibility of the back handspring motions, motion technique of the trained group exhibited high correctness and stability, but that of the unskilled group was unstable from a viewpoint of special and temporal motions. The cause of the phenomenon of knee forward was thought to be the back bending movement of a learner who had learned a faulty form. The upper arm swing motion of the back handspring was analyzed. As a result, the maximum upper arm angular acceleration in the first movement phase was assumed that the motion of which the arms follow the descending speed of the body when the knees were crooked to use the bounce of legs. The maximum upper arm acceleration in the second movement phase is used for backward body declining. Increasing the angular acceleration of the upper arms at θ = 0 degree may effectively increase the horizontal floor reaction force at take-off. The maximum upper arm angular acceleration of the third movement phase is assumed the motion of which the upper arms follow the backward body declining speed. The timing of the arm swing and take-off were examined. For the arm swing motion, it was concluded that a condition where arms exhibit the greatest angular acceleration at θ =0 in the second movement phase is the best motion. For the take-off motion, it was concluded that the take-off is performed in the third movement phase when upper arm angular acceleration is highest.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of questionnaire survey on self-evaluation about health, physical fitness and exercise of Thai students. Furthermore, it was to clarify the relationship between exercise custom, life-style and their physical fitness. The examinees were students of 14-years-old in Udon-Thani province (n=41 girls and 31 boys). The measurement items were height, weight, % of body fat, sitting-trunk-flexion, 50m-run, standing-long-jump and grip-strength. A questionnaire survey were 1) self-evaluation about health, physical fitness, and exercise, 2) exercise custom, 3) life-style. The results of this study were as follows : 1) Boys judged their condition for health and the physical fitness to be good or normal. Furthermore, they liked to exercise and to play outdoors. As for girls, the results of self-evaluation did not show a characteristic. In addition, the physical fitness did not accord with self-evaluation in boys and girls. 2) 90% of girls and all boys carried out exercise more than two days in a week. There were no significant differences between each measurement item and exercise frequency. 3) 43.9% of girls and 61.3% of boys had breakfast every day. 92.7% of girls and all boys slept more than six hours.

The purpose of this study was to examine how much changes of habitual exercise affected exercise ability, and in this survey 124 university male students took part. They were asked to answer a questionnaire of six items associated with their exercise and life-style, and based upon the frequency of their habitual exercise and time to exercise. The subjects were divided into two groups ; one is an active group (A) and the other is a non-active group (N), whose information was gotten from the result of the questionnaire. Furthermore, based on results of the same questionnaire survey one year later, a subject who was A in first year and belonged to A in second year classified into AA (n=13), first was A and second was N assorted into AN (n=13), first was N and second was A divided in NA (n=10), first was N and second was N assigned to NN (n=88). Moreover, the change of results of the first year and the second year was compared on physique (height, weight, percent of body fat) and fitness level (grip strength, sit-ups, sitting trunk flexion, side step, 20m shuttle run test, 12 minute distance run). Measurement results of physique were similar in comparison with standard values of young Japanese male. In addition, obesity was not shown in four groups. However, body weight in second year trended to increase more than that in first year in each group, and % of body fat increased significantly in every group (p<0.05). This result suggested that increase of fat weight caused for rise of body weight. As a result of fitness test, AA and AN maintained a physical fitness level. Though habitual exercise was reformed in NA, there were no significant improvement in results of fitness test. Significantly degradation was showed in four items except sit-ups and 12 minute distance run in NN (p<0.05). These results indicate that continuation of habitual exercise effective in maintenance of physical fitness level, but fitness level was not varied immediately even if a habitual exercise changes.

This study was aimed at examining the relationship between posture and personality mainly by comparing gender differences. A questionnaire was devised and administered to a group of freshman male and female students all at once. As a consequence, it was found the female student's concern regarding the posture is higher than that of the male student. However, the male student understands as well as the female student that keeping a good posture is effective in the internal enhancement of optimism and confidence, and also for keeping a good appearance. In addition, they understand they are able to manipulate the impression given to others by changing posture. Moreover, it seems most of the student with their back straightened is optimistic, and most of the students with stooped shoulders are pessimistic.

Today, the content and quality of information provided via the Internet are becoming more and more important. Based on this background, we decided to survey how information is provided via the Internet by the golf course in Kanagawa prefecture. This study primarily aimed at analyzing the presence or absence of official websites of golf course and their contents, and to consider the characteristics and trends of those websites. The survey period was from April 1 to July 31, 2009. The target of the survey was 52 golf courses in Kanagawa prefecture. As a result of the survey, it was confirmed that official websites were published by 96.2%. In addition, Member's golf courses official website contents were not so enriched compared with those of Public golf courses. In the future, we are going to evaluate the management forms of company, characteristic in region, number of customers and information provision via the internet.

This study examines the current situation of golf courses' initiatives regarding children in Japan. We conducted a survey of 658 golf courses in Japan. The survey was carried out by mailing a questionnaire addressed to the respective managers of each golf course. The survey period lasted from April 30th to June 30th of 2009. We received 87 responses, realizing a return rate of 13.2 percent. The content of the survey was "Has your golf course implemented initiatives and services for children and junior golfers?" Of these, 49.4% indicated that they were implementing initiatives and services for children. 34.5% replied that they did not have initiatives in place. 16.1% indicated that they were planning to implement initiatives. In the section designated for freely describing the implemented initiatives, a large majority was divided among "lower priced or discounted play" and "golf lessons." Other replies included "holding parent/child golf tournaments," "trial rounds for children of members," and "openness toward golf clubs of nearby schools."