【Purpose】 The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of exert muscle strength using a new handmade playground equipment for the young boys, and assessed the pleasure on the proposed new game for elderly. 【Method】 experimental 1: Six young boy volunteers participated in this study. We measured their lower leg muscle activity using EMG during the game. Experimental 2: Another side, we asked their comments for elderly people after playing the same game. 【Results】 From EMG analysis, it was appeared that the tibialis anterior(17.0 %MVC at 90deg, +10.9%MVC at 120deg, compared at rest) and rectus femoris (24.0 %MVC at 90deg, 17.1%MVC at 120deg) of lower limb was used mainly during the new game, and the exerted muscle strength was approximate value at the movement of human gait. In the elderly people evaluation of the pleasure of the proposed new game, majority of the elderly people who participated answered satisfied high score. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, it was proven that the new playground equipment and its game have some effect on the lower limb exercise for the elderly with pleasure and safety.

The composition of a communication between parents and children is changing due to a rapid declining birthrate and technological changes. This research aimed to analyze the effect of communication through experiencing sports with family members. The participants included twelve children（4 males, 8females, average age: 11.17 years old, and SD: 1.75） and eight parents（2 males, 6 females, average age: 43.25 years old, and SD: 3.45） who were either father or mother of the participant children. They participated 2.5 hour climbing lesson on two occasions. Through questionnaires, the participant children answered “Resilience Evaluation Scale for Children” （RESC） and “Children's Commitment Evaluation Scale for Parents”（CCESP）, while the participant parents answered “Child-Rearing Attitude Evaluation Scale for Parents”（CRAESP） and “Children's Resilience Evaluation Scale for Parents”（CRESP）, right before and after each lesson and one month after the lessons. Analyses were done by calculating Cronbach’s alpha of each factor of each scale, the mean value and standard deviation, the correlation between each scale for children and parents, and by examining the relation between the measurement indices of children and parents, and also by comparing the results between each research date. Multiple regression analyses revealed that 1）CRAESP effected “Dependence on Parents : DP” that is a subscale of CCESP and RESC, and analysis of variance revealed that 2）“DP” showed positive change right after and one month after the lessons and 3）“Parents’ Respect for Autonomy of Children: PRAC”, “Parents’ Behavior Limits Children: PBLC”, and “Behavior Limitation Setting to Children: BLSC” that are the subscales of CRAESP showed positive changes right after and one month after the lessons. This research found that parents’ child-rearing attitude and resilience had significant impact on children, and also the way parents approach their children was important. The climbing lessons became the opportunities to reconsider how parents’ approached interactions with their children, and had positive effects on communication between participants.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of body composition, Skeletal Muscle Mass (SMM) of segmental body and isokinetic knee extension and flexion (isokinetic muscle strength), and to consider the relationship between lower limb SMM and muscle strength in female college students who have exercise habit. In addition, this study also focused on differences in exercise frequency. The subjects of this study are 16 female university students. They are divided into two groups. Group A exercise more than 5 times a week (n=8), and Group B exercise three times a week (n=8).The measurement were basic body composition, SMM of segmental body using the S-BIA method and isokinetic muscle strength at three angular velocities. The results of this study are 1) Group A have significantly higher upper limb and trunk SMM than group B. No significant difference, however, has been found in lower limb SMM between two groups. As for muscle strength as well, Group A have been significantly higher at angular velocity 180deg/sec and 60deg/sec than Group B. 2) Regarding the relationship between lower limb SMM and muscle strength based on the difference in exercise frequency, only Group B has shown the significant correlation between lower limb SMM and muscle strength, but Group A hasn’t.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in the back-strength index of male college students from academic year (AY) 1998 to AY2016. A total of 7480 first-year male students (18-19 years old) from a single university in Japan participated in the study. Back strength decreased from 131.3 ± 22.6 kg in AY1998 to 103.2 ± 23.9 kg in AY2016. The back-strength index also decreased from 2.15 ± 0.42 in AY1998 to 1.66 ± 0.38 in AY2016. Significant negative regression coefficients (p < 0.001) were obtained from single regression analysis of the elapsed years and the back-strength relationships, and of the elapsed years and the back-strength index relationships. Over the 19 years between AY1998 and AY2016, the back-strength index had decreased by 22.8%. This decrease in the back-strength index of male college students in Japan may be a result of recent lifestyle changes in younger generations.

The purpose of this research report is to show the PE curriculum differences between Japanese schools and Italian school. The author of this research report was directory visited the schools and observed the PE classes. The visiting observation was held on February 22, 2017 in Firenze and on February 23, 2017 in Rome. The findings of the differences between Japan and Italy was unique idea of the teachers. The effectiveness of PE on curriculum in Italian schools devises original class contents. I report the real situation of the PE class there. Moreover I discover a difference with the general school PE Japan. I recognize the good point of the PE class of Italy from that using it, I want to show improvement plan of the class of Japan. Finally, given the contents of the interviews to PE teachers of the Rome and Firenze public schools.

Swimming accidents in public schools are occurring in succession. Especially accidents caused by dive are reported much. In that case, what is the extent to which attention should be paid by the physical education teacher? In this paper, we extract key points in multiple court cases and examine their legal evaluation. We examine the victim's assertion and the legal perspective of the judge in detail.