In about 1970, a subject name has begun to be changed in the school of West Germany from "physical education" to "sports". In the American and European countries, idea switch to the sports education began with physical education likewise. Not "physical education", why did you have to sentence him to "sport"? What is it different from conventional physical education in essentially? The answer about these basic problems is still indistinct in the present. By this report, I examine the social background that gained power of the sport education on thought from American and European countries of around 1970 and the many circumstances of our country. The claim of the sport education affects a social demand called the popularization of sport deeply. On the other hand, I asked the originally-like value of sport and investigated the educational possibility and was going to demand the existence grounds of the physical education as the school subject on the value peculiar to it to have of sport. The future physical education contains a characteristic of the sport education. It pays off the matter from each point of view such as "play education" "movement education" "education to sport" congruently. And what is built to a new form is expected.

In this study, we investigated body temperature levels and the lifestyles of Japanese and Chinese infants in order to research the problem of low body temperature in children. In Japan, 6 kindergartens in the Kanto district, and kindergartens of 4 different regions in China, were selected as subjects and they were devided into the category of urban areas, midtown areas and farming areas. The results showed that, in Japan there was no difference in body temperature level just after waking up in each area and the average temperature in each area was less than 36.2℃. On the other hand, in China, body temperature showed higher levels in farming areas than in urban areas. However, the relationship between body temperature and lifestyle, such as exercise activity, sleep, food intake and air-conditioner dependency, was not clear. Though the above results indicate that modern lifestyles induce low body temperature in children, addressing the question of what kind of life factors influence these temperature is future problem.

This study investigated the characteristics of grip diameter of baseball bat by subjective evaluation on easiness of grasping and grasping pressure at both hands during bat swing movement. For six baseball players, the easiness of grasping bat grip were measured by subjective evaluation table of seven phases (+3 ; very very easiness ~ -3 ; very very difficult). The grasping pressure on bat grip were measured by strain gage sensor put on sixteen parts on both hand, and the fluctuation of the bat at the ball impact phase were measured by acceleration sensor for three direction put on top of the bat. The used bat in these experiment produced by preliminary measurement if the bat grip size that was the baseball players used in daily practice. The optimum diameter of bat grip was similarly to the diameter used in daily practice. In the characteristics of the grasping pressure during bat swing phase, the integrated grasping pressure exerted the hands showed the high value especially at the middle, ring and little finger. The integrated grasping pressure in the optimum diameter of bat grip showed the tendency the high value compared with another diameter of bat grip. But, in the ball impact phase, the integrated grasping pressure in the optimum diameter of the bat grip showed the lower value.

The purpose of this study was to develop Physical and Socio-Psychological Stressors Scale for University Athletes (PSPSSUA) and to examine the relationship between Stressor variables of PSPSSUA and socio-demographic variables, stress response variables. The subjects of 390 university students (male=193, female=197 ; mean age=19.70, SD=1.18) were asked to answer a questionnaire that was composed of socio-demographic questions, 70 stressor question items that were acquired from our preliminary survey in June, 2010 and Stress Response Scale for High School Athletes (SRSHSA) that were made of 32 question items developed by Shibukura (1999). Step-wise exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analyses were conducted to develop the PSPSSUA. In order to examine the socio-demographic differences, t-test and one-way ANOVA were conducted to PSPSSUA and SRSHSA. Step-wise multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the correlation between PSPSSUA and SRSHSA. The results of Step-wise exploratory factor analyses identified a ten-factor model with 40 items (“Injuries & Illness,” “Competition Anxiety,” “Coaching Dissatisfaction,” “Training Period,” “Economic Conditions,” “Practice Program,” “Teammates' Expectations,” “Conflict among Teammates,” “Incompatible between Club Activities and Private Life,” “Skill Performance”) on PSPSSUA. Confirmatory factor analyses and reliability analyses confirmed that the scale had satisfactory fit indices of structural validities and Cronbach's alpha coefficient reliabilities. The results of t-test showed that the mean scores of “Competition Anxiety,” “Coaching Dissatisfaction,” “Training Period,” “Practice Program,” “Conflict among Teammates,” “Depressive-anxious feeling” were significantly different between male and female athletes. The result of one-way ANOVA found that sophomore athletes showed statistically higher scores than freshmen athletes on “Practice Program” and senior athletes showed statistically higher scores than freshmen athletes on “Conflict among Teammates.” The results of step-wise multiple regression analyses that were set PSPSSUA as independent variables and SRSHSA as dependent variables showed that the sub-scales of PSPSSUA were significantly associated with the sub-scales of SRSHSA. The relationship with the coping and resilience needs to be examined in future research on this scale to define effective intervention methods.

Research 1 : The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between stress at work and self-efficacy for physical behavior, and to find methods of preventing metabolic syndrome. The total number of 114 office workers (67 men & 47 women ; mean age=26.7) completed a questionnaire about self-efficacy and stress at work. The results revealed that there were sex differences on stress symptoms and how to cope the stress and that confidence of physical fitness and mental toughness, regardless of sex, were associated with less stress symptoms and better stress coping skills at work.

Reserch2 : The purpose of this study was to clarify the impact of metabolic syndrome examination on prevention and/or intervention of metabolic syndrome at home. The total number of 227 participants (67 men, 150 women & 8 unknown ; mean age=60.1) in sport classes completed questionnaire about diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and counter metabolic syndrome at home. The results indicated that knowing the data of their blood pressure and level of HDL cholesterol had little impact on improvement in the participants' lifestyle while that of abdominal girth and blood glucose level are more likely to lead them to ameliorate their lifestyle.

The aim of this study was to investigate the status of customer service and marketing by golf course in United States. The survey was performed from August 1 to October 30, 2008 by mailing questionnaires. Responses were obtain from 81 golf courses with a response rate of 7.1%. The marketing method most common to the golf course surveyed was a 'customer development' (61.7%). Subsequently, common measures included 'database of customers' (51.9%). Special customer services were provided at 23.5% of golf courses, not provided at 53.1%, planned at 11.1%, and no specific comment was given by 12.3%. In the future, we would like to obtain more detailed data based on factors such as the golf culture and economic conditions in each country.

This study was intended in order to calculate the physical fitness standard value for evaluation among the Thai students. The examinees were students of twelve-years in Udon-Thani province (n=108 girls and 130 boys). The research was carried out with regard to height, weight, BMI (body mass index), sitting-trunk-flexion, 50m-run, standing-long-jump and grip-strength. Their results were : (1) Scorebook in terms of physical fitness tests was made in accordance with standard deviation (SD) and average. 10points for the group more than +2.0SD from average, 9points for +2.0SD~+1.5SD, 8points for +1.5SD~+1.0SD, 7points for +1.0SD~+0.5SD, 6points for +0.5SD, 5points for-0.5SD, 4points -0.5SD~-1.0SD, 3points for -1.0SD~-1.5SD, 2points for -1.5SD~-2.0SD, 1 points for less than -2.0SD. (2) 5-rank research table was made in accordance with standard deviation (SD) and average of total points of these categories. More than +1.5SD from average were evaluated “very good”, +0.5SD~+1.5SD were “good”, ±0.5SD were “average”, -0.5SD~-1.5SD were “poor”, less than -1.5SD were “very poor”. It is important to utilize the standard value of the present report. Also, the other measurement item and the other ages must be increased.

  It is a required skill as a member of society to handle the impression of own appearances and change a posture or behavior when present themselves. The information displayed by a posture can be described as a non verbal communication. The precedent study shows connection with posture and the psychological condition. In the present study the relationship between posture and personality was investigated. As a result, (a) A student of a round shoulder has bad posture in the everyday life. (b) The student having a lot of symptoms to break out from bad posture thinks pessimistically. (c) A student of a straight back is more optimistic than a student of a bending back. (d) The student who is not interested in one's inside has many bad symptoms. (e) The student being aware of appearance can notice own bad posture in the everyday life. Therefore, most optimists are straight backs and it affects mental health. Moreover, when the students give an outline with the posture of own, there is the influence that is good for not only the personality but also mental health.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between physique and physical fitness of Cambodian school children. Target areas were eight-areas : Phnom Penh, Battambang, Kompong Cham, Sihanouk Ville, Kompon Chhnang, Svay Rieng, Kratie and Rattanak Kiri. The examinees were the children eleven-years-old of the schools where the investigation took place (n=451 girls and 453 boys). The research was carried out with regard to height, weight, sit-ups, sitting-trunk-flexion, side-step, 5minutes-distance-run, 50m-run and standing-long-jump. The examinees were classified into three groups according to Rohrer's index ; i.e. “under-average”, “average”, and “over-average”. Henceforth, a research was carried out in terms of physical fitness among those three groups. The analysis method was one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance). Their results were : (1) As for the physique, ratio of under average was 59.4% among girls and 56.0% among boys, average was 33.7% among girls and 40.0% among boys, and over average was 6.9% among girls and 4.0% among boys. (2) With regard to girls, average group made particularly higher score in terms of side-step than under-average group. Under-average group made clearly higher score in terms of 5minutes-distance-run than over-average group. For boys, under-average group made obviously higher score in 5minutes-distance-run and 50m-run than over-average group.

The purpose of this study was to examine how much habitual exercise affected exercise ability, and in this survey 130 university male students took part. They were asked to answer a questionnaire of six items associated with their exercise and life-style, and based upon the frequency of their habitual exercise and time to exercise. The subjects were divided into two groups ; one is an active group (group A ; n=26) and the other is non-active group (group N ; n=104), whose information was gotten from the result of the questionnaire. Height, weight, percent of body fat, grip strength (muscular strength), sit-ups (muscular endurance), sitting trunk flexion (flexibility), side step (agility) and 20m shuttle run test and 12 minute distance run (aerobic performance) were examined for checking fitness level. The measurement results of the physique were similar in comparison with standard values of young Japanese men. There were no significant differences between group A and B in height, weight, percent of body fat. In addition, obesity was not shown in the two groups. A significant difference in grip strength was not shown between them. Significant differences were revealed in the tests of sit-ups (p<0.01), sitting trunk flexion (p<0.05), side step (p<0.001), 20m shuttle run test (p<0.001) and 12 minute distance run (p<0.001). These results indicate that the habitual exercise exerts influences on physical fitness, and suggest that habitual exercise is needed to improve physical fitness.

This study is aimed at understanding the perception of physical posture among female university students and gathering basic data that would be helpful for possible future efforts for improvement. Conscious control of one's appearance to improve one's image and suitably changing one's posture or behavior when presenting oneself to others can be considered necessary skills for society members. Information conveyed by one's posture can be described as an effective form of nonverbal communication. Good posture can facilitate a change of mind and help relieve stress at least temporarily. Furthermore, good posture can influence one's mind as well as one's body. To better understand these issues, we have conducted a study on what image female college students have of their bodies. Scope of Survey : 1) Items regarding perception of physical posture ; 2) Items regarding one's own physical posture ; and 3) Items regarding knowledge of physical posture. A large number of women feel that they are hunchbacked. They understand that changing their posture can change their frame of mind as well as their appearance. It is recommended to teach them how to exercise to achieve good posture as well as the theory behind it.

  The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between a score obtained from a questionnaire for independence of daily life in older adults and their physical fitness status. The questionnaire that investigates their ability of physical activity in daily life was modified from the previous version of “Kanagawa Tech ADL questionnaire” which consisted of 10 items related to activity of daily living (ADL). Based on the answers, a total score of independent ability among older adults was calculated. Physical fitness was assessed with measurements of capacity of physical activity in daily living (Y. oida 1995), the 30s chair stand (CS-30) test, the functional reach and the reaction time.

  There was significant relationship between the total score of the questionnaire and measurement of physical fitness. It is postulated that the modified questionnaire could estimate physical fitness status among older adults and could be used as a clinical tool in the guideline for enhancing the ability of physical activity of older adults.