This study is aimed to clarify how swimmers’ breaststroke performance is related to two physical variables of the hip adductors: muscle force and muscle endurance. Fifteen males belonging to a college swimming club （average age: 21.4 ± 1.2 years; average swimming experience: 13.9 ± 3.6 years） participated in the study. The intra-class correlation coefficients between two trials of breaststroke performance, breaststroke kick performance, and muscle force were 0.980, 0.982, and 0.952, respectively. There were significant correlations between muscle force and both overall breaststroke performance（r = - 0.711） and breaststroke kick performance （r = - 0.653） . However, there were no significant correlations between muscle endurance and either measure of breaststroke performances. We conclude that greater hip adductor muscle force tends to facilitate faster swim time of the 25-meter breaststroke and greater breaststroke kicking ability.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the profile of mood states (POMS) and physiological responses after Nihon kendo kata. Twelve male kendo players (22-74 years old, higher than third-grade of kendo) performed each Uchitachi and Shitachi in Nihon Kendo kata. Heart rate measurements and blood sample collections were conducted before and after the kata, and the profile of mood states (POMS) was completed after and before the kata. The blood sample was used to measure adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and free testosterone concentrations. The heart rate was significantly increased (P < 0.05) after the kata. No change was observed in the concentrations of measured hormones and the POMS. Significant positive correlations between the concentration of DHEA and vigor (r = 0.59, P < 0.05) and heart rate and anger (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) were found after the kata only. Significant negative correlations were found between the concentration of free testosterone and fatigue (r = -0.87, P < 0.01) and anger (r = -0.65, P <0.05) after the kata only. Furthermore, partial correlation showed the significant positive correlations between the concentration of DHEA and vigor (r = 0.65, P < 0.05) before the kata, and the correlation increased after the kata (r = 0.73, P < 0.05). The present study suggests that Nihon Kendo kata may affect mood status and physiological response.

【Introduction】 Rhythmic gymnastics, which is one of the artistic sports, have limited evaluation studies conducted on the comprehension of competitiveness of rhythmic gymnastics for spectators. The purpose of this study is to develop three types of basic watching scales for rhythmic gymnastics, and to investigate the relationships among techniques, artistic, and physical emotional expressions in rhythmic gymnasts' performance.

【Methods】 The sample in this study includes 309 university students (153 male and 156 female, mean age = 19.95, SD = 1.22), who were asked to answer a questionnaire after watching All Japan Rhythmic Gymnastics Athletes Competition's DVD. Using the questionnaire, explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis and covariance structure analysis were conducted.

【Results】 The results of explanatory factor analyses indicated that both the Performance Technique Evaluation Scale for Rhythmic Gymnastics Athletes (PTESRGA) and Evaluation Scale of Artistic Expression and the Impression for Rhythmic Gymnastics Athletes (ESAEIRGA) included four factors. In addition, the Physical and Emotional Expression Evaluation Scale for Rhythmic Gymnastics Athletes (PEEESRGA) contained two factors. Confirmatory factor analyses and Cronbach's alpha coefficient confirmed that these models showed acceptable fit indices and reliabilities. The results of the multiple regression analyses showed that the PTESRGA had a positive effect on the ESAEIRGA. Lastly, covariance structure analysis were performed to compare the fit indices of hypothetical models and to examine for the influences among PTESRGA, ESAEIRGA, and PEEESRGA.

【Conclusion】 When the spectators are watching rhythmic gymnastics, various factors are observed in the process of evaluating. As a further investigation, the study should also be conducted towards the experienced performers of rhythmic gymnastics to compare the similarities and differences of factors, when evaluating, and evaluation study that could lead to the generalization of watching rhythmic gymnastics should be investigated.

In recent years, traditional Guts and irrational teaching method have been criticized as a factor in school physical education accidents. However, even if students are not forced to have Guts and irrational teaching method, physical education accidents will not go away. Faculty members must maintain their position in their actions. This requires legal insight. Athletics long-distance running is a widely practiced event in any school. It is a dangerous event that places a heavy burden on the respiratory and circulatory organs and can cause serious accidents depending on the student's constitution. How can teachers escape legal liability when working on long distance runs? In this paper, we consider what teachers should do by reading the judgment of a long-distance running accident.